PHARMACOLOGY (2)

Author: APARICI VIRGILI MÓNICA.
Year: 2005.
University: BARCELONA [www.ub.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE FARMACIA (UB).

Summary: Schizophrenia is a mental illness that occur in the speech disorder, delusions, hallucinations, as well as emotional disorders and behavioral disorders. Its cause is still unknown, although individual susceptibility appears to have a genetic basis, with an inheritance estimated 80% (Miyamoto S. Et al. 2003). The most accepted hypothesis of the pathogenesis is the one that postulates that the disease would be a dopaminergic hyperactivity. The treatment of schizophrenic patients is based on the use of antipsychotic drugs (APs), but long-term use is compromised by the emergence, in a high percentage of certain movement disorders called extrapyramidal effects (EPS, the English extrapyramidal syndromes ), including parkinsonism, acute dystonia, akathisia and the emergence of late effects such as dyskinesia and tardive dystonia. It has been suggested that the onset of the EPS could be related to the occupation of dopamine receptors D2 in the striated, so it is thought that plimorfismos genetic related to the density of these receptors might play a role in the emergence of EPS. In our study attempts to relate polymorphisms DRD2 TaqIA / IB DRD2 -141C Ins / Del, DRD3 Ser9Gly and SLC6A3 VNTR with the emergence of EPS in patients receiving antipsychotic therapy (PA), as well as the susceptibility of developing schizophrenia. With this goal, a prospective case-control observational study with patients recruited in the service of Psychiatry Hospital Clinic of Barcelona receiving treatment AP. In each individual blood sample was obtained, from which DNA was isolated. The genotypes were analyzed by RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) techniques using PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and digestion with restriction enzymes. The calculation of risk associated with each polimorfimo was performed by univariate and multivariate analysis with SPSS. In addition, the polymorphism SLC6A3 VNTR was genotipo - fenotipo a partnership with data obtained by SPECT (single photon emission computerized tomography). The genotype DRD2 -141C Del has proven act as a protective factor in the susceptibility of developing schizophrenia, reducing the risk by about 70%, however, won the other association between polymorphisms studied and the risk of schizophrenia. No association was found between analyzed polymorphisms and the risk of EPS induced by AP, although the allele DRD2 TaqlA1 showed protective in the subset of patients with bipolar disorder. Age was a protective factor in the emergence of EPS, on the other hand dose of PA was a risk factor. The study of correlation genotipo - fenotipo not find any significant association.

Author: MORENO GUTIÉRREZ LAURA.
Year: 2005.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID [www.ucm.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.

Summary: The pulmonary hypertension is a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by the sustained elevation of pulmonary artery pressure, associated with vasoconstriction and proliferation of smooth muscle of the pulmonary artery. Among the various forms of pulmonary hypertension, persistent pulmonary hypertension newborn represents a special case since it is produced as a result of failures in the process of transition from placental circulation to the pulmonary circulation, which prevents the normal reduction in pulmonary vascular resistance after the birth. The objective of this thesis is to analyze Doctoral mechanisms that control the action of some of the mediators involved in the control of pulmonary vascular tone in the development of pulmonary hypertension. Also madurativos analyze the changes that take place during the first days of life estrauterina. The results obtained in this Doctoral Thesis have allowed us to characterize the postnatal maturation of key proteins induced vasodilation in the path of NO / cGMP, including guanilil cyclase soluble phosphodiesterase 5. Also, we have analyzed the mechanism of vasoconstriction induced by thromboxane A2 and serotonin, and the role of channels + voltaje-dependientes in K effects induced by these mediators.

Author: GARCÍA BUENO BORJA.
Year: 2005.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID [www.ucm.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.
Place of preparation: DEPARTAMENTO DE FARMACOLOGÍA.

Summary: This Doctoral Thesis aims to investigate the activation and regulation of the route antiinflammatory 15dPGJ2/PPAR-gamma in brain and its possible modulation pharmacology in a rat model of stress. The results show how this track is activated by the major mediators of stress (glutamate, catecholamines and glucocorticoids). Moreover, treatment with gamma PPAR agonists produces neuroprotection in this model. Thus the administration of PPAR gamma ligands rosiglitazone and 15d-PGJ2 produces inhibition of proinflammatory enzymes COX-2 and iNOS, sources mediators oxidative / nitrosativos, which are activated by acute stress in the brain of rats. These compounds also block the activation after stress of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha and nuclear factor proinflamatorios as NFkB. Finally after exposure to stress subcrónico there is a drop in levels of ATP caused by a defective input neurons to glucose, this effect puts cells in a state of compromise energy which increases their susceptibility to undergo the process of neuronal death by excitotoxicidad glutamatergic. The results contained in this thesis show how preparamiento with gamma PPAR agonists prevents the reduction of the levels of ATP to facilitate the transport of normalizing glucose levels of glucose transporter neuronal GLUT-3. Besides these compounds reduce susceptibility to excitotoxicidad glutamatergic to regulate the expression of major recapatador home glial glutamate EAAT2. From these results it can be concluded that stress triggers the route antiinflammatory 15d-PGJ2/PPAR gamma and its pharmacological modulation provides neuroprotection at various levels, which indicates the potential therapeutic value of the gamma PPAR agonists in neuropathies associated with stress.

Author: SCHIFTER ACEVES LILIANA.
Year: 2005.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID [www.ucm.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE FARMACIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE FARMACIA. UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.

Summary: This thesis begins with a brief review of the history of the pharmacy world with the aim of being able to frame the development histórico-farmacéutico in Mexican territory. Here are addressed in depth the pharmacopoeias Mexican, both from the structural point of view, as its contents, in particular regarding the matter pharmaceutical plant and its variations in the different editions from the mid-nineteenth century until the beginning of the century. Also deals in parallel, the structure of the national pharmaceutical organizations and their interference in the publication and contents of these texts, as regards the international context, it also makes a comparison between the current Mexican pharmacopoeia and their European counterparts and American to point out their similarities and their differences, as well as their strengths and weaknesses. Finally, the last section dealing aspects relating to the harmonization of pharmacy: first in the field of drug regulation and then, the curriculum alignment or higher studies of pharmacy both at the European level, as in the relationship between Spain and Latin America.

Author: RIO CAMACHO GENOVEVA INMACULADA DEL.
Year: 2005.
University: MÁLAGA [www.uma.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.

Summary: Prospective Cohort Study (with two cross), whose aim has been to calculate epidemiological parameters of TB infection in the school population of the Costa del Sol. The indexes analyzed, unknown in the area prior to this study, have been, the prevalence and incidence of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, as well as the annual risk of infection (RAI), calculated by the two methods described. The sample population has been elected the strip of 6-year-old (1Â ° primary). The 91% of children were born in Spain and therefore were not vaccinated with BCG at birth. The criterion for considering intra Mantoux as positive in this group has been a induration greater than or equal to 5 mm. The prevalence of infection in unvaccinated children was 1.16%, slightly higher than the figures obtained in other studies in our country. The prevalence of disease has been 0.11%. The RAI has been 0.18%, also slightly higher than found in other jobs. This high figure, along with the prevalence of infection, it could indicate that tuberculosis remains a health problem in our area Taking into account that according to RAI and WHO recommendations, there would be no need to reintroduce the BCG vaccination in our area. In the second court, a year apart, repeats the tuberculin reaction in the group of tuberculin negative, calculating the number of turns or convertores and thus the incidence of infection. The value has been 0.75%. In the last decade there are no similar data in our country, probably due diligence method, which prevents comparison. The value of the RAI, therefore, is different depending on the method used for calculation. In none of the cuts were found statistically significant differences between sociodemographic variables analyzed. Only 14.2% of children tuberculin positive belonged to high-risk groups, which have carried out the tuberculin test only in this group 85.8% of the cases would have remained undiagnosed. It has conducted a survey of contacts in both courts. It would be beneficial to continue epidemiological studies in the area in order to calculate the trend of this disease in our population.

Author: PAVÓN MORÓN FRANCISCO JAVIER.
Year: 2005.
University: MÁLAGA [www.uma.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA (UNIVERSIDAD DE MÁLAGA).

Summary: Obesity is a metabolic disorder and nutrition due to an imbalance of energy in the energy consumption in excess spending and results in an excessive energy storage in the form of adipose tissue, which poses a risk to health. The regulation of food intake is essential for the maintenance of homeostasis energy, and there is a lot of appetite and satiety signals that reports on the state's energy agency. Among these signals this thesis focuses on Aciletanolamidas, highlighting two of its members: Anandamida (SAA) and Oleiletanolamida (OAS), for his role coordinated on food intake, energy metabolism and changes in body weight. The SAA is a composite orexigénico through the activation of receptor cannabionide CB1 while the OAS is a satiety factor through the activation of nuclear receptor PPAR alpha. Therefore development of compounds activators (agonists) and PPAR alpha blockers (antagonists either neutral or inverse agonist) CB1 could prove interesting in the treatment of eating disorders such as obesity. To achieve this thesis has been chosen to develop two parallel lines of work focused: 1-Characterize intake in a anatagonista neutral triazólico receptor cannabionoide CB1 without properties agonismo inverse called LH-21 using a blocker reference SR-141716 A widely characterized. 2-Identify and characterize structural analogues sulphonamides in intake of aciletanolamidas as the OAS. The results have yielded the following conclusions in both experimental blocks: A - The compound LH-21 presents a profile of performance intake differently SR-141716A: * LH-21 shows a power similar to SR-1417161A in reducing intake food and body weight gain even in genetic models of obesity. * The effectiveness of LH-21 as an inhibitor of food intake can be explained adequately by peripheral mechanisms that do not require reinforcing processes and reward central related to consumption. * LH-21 has a poor permeability through the barrier hemato encefálica with no central markers associated with motor activity and anxiety. B-structural analogues sulphonamide and propilsulfamidas of aciletanolamidas as OAS are effective as inhibitors intake: * Derivatives sulphonamide group alquilo (influencing the length of the string rent) have shown properties anorexigénicas but not always activity on PPARalfa influencing the presence of groups propilo. * Derivatives sulphonamide group adamantilo lack properties anorexigénicas and activity on PPARalfa. * None of derivatives sulphonamides tested showed properties cannabimiméticas. * Some derivatives sulphonamides are interesting for their effects on the inhibition of body weight gain and its effects on lipid lowering serum triglycerides.

Author: VEGA GÓMEZ MARÍA CELESTE.
Year: 2005.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID [www.ucm.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE FARMACIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE FARMACIA.

Summary: According to WHO estimates that between 18 to 20 million people suffer from this disease. Given that account which can be fatal in its acute phase (2-8%, mainly children) and chronic (20%), it is logical that this parasistosis raises concern among health authorities of the countries concerned. For treatment of the disease drugs used are mainly two: nifurtimox and benzonidazol. Both eliminated the symptoms if given during the acute phase, shortening the course of infection, but have little activity in the chronic phase. There are also resistant strains even in the initial stage of the disease. These factors determine the dosing and duration of treatment are high, thereby facilitating the emergence of significant side effects, requiring in many cases to stay the same. Given this situation, it remains an open field for research into substitutes, whose benefits in economic and social terms are vitally important. Unfortunately and despite the large number of compounds tested, few have reached the clinical phase. Given the dearth of alternatives, it is clear the urgent need to develop new drugs. The methods for screening new drug products are numerous and varied. In this aspect, the development of models "in vitro" marked a major breakthrough in regard to the evidence "in vivo" to significantly reduce the time spent and cost of the techniques. But quantifying the parasites and reproducibility remain a problem in the techniques commonly used. Some of the available methods are especially industrious, mainly on screening techniques intracellular amastigotes, which is generally used for counting microscopic evaluation of the activity of a compound. Valiéndonos the remarkable momentum that biotechnology has produced in recent years developing recombinant organisms, which have been introduced on a permanent functional genes strangers to their genome. As general, these new genes (commonly called "reporters"), offering numerous utilities, which include its applicability as a tool for drug screening. These genes reporters usually are tied to regions promoters of other genes that are expressed in an active way, so that the measurement of the enzyme produced is readily detectable using suitable substrates. This is the case of several strains of T.cruzi to which he has inserted the gene LacZ Escherichia coli, and one of which we used in our tests. This gene encodes for the formation of the enzyme Beta-galactosidasa widely used, and is capable of catolizar reactions colorimetric with a large number of substrates. A genetically modified organism in order to use it for testing drugs, must submit the same biological characteristics of the strain which is derived, and these features must be trained both to be used in drug screening. Such is the number of new compounds that are synthesized, it must be processed quickly to inform their pharmacological capabilities. This requires a model easy to maintain and inexpensive, and in the case of T. cruzi, are forms epimastigote. Despite not be a stadium that is in the vertebrate host, it is a very useful tool to separate compounds inactive. The intracellular amastigote is the best model for a drug screening "in vitro", as it is a stadium which is in the vertebrate host, not only because it is capable of producing tissue damage, but also because of their higher metabolic activity compared with the tripomastigotes circulating, which are otherwise parasite that appear in the vertebrate. This is a requirement at the time to develop a screening method. With 8 this fi 953 No we designed two new colorimetric methods of screening forms on a epimastigotes and another on forms intracellular amastigotes. But the results so far lead us to seek an alternative strategy. In systems known so far from administration of a drug, performance profiles are very different. With most conventional systems, the level of this substance in the body, reaches a peak and then falls to a minimum, being necessary to apply a new strength. Moreover, if the maximum or minimum concentration of the drug in the fall above the level for toxicity or below minimum level cash can be produced on an alternating periods of toxicity and inefficiency. This situation is particularly problematic if both levels (toxicity and effectiveness) are very close. The systems controlled-release drugs have been developed to overcome these drawbacks. The inclusion of the active ingredient in a system of controlled release improves its therapeutic efficacy and increases its stability, while reducing the side effects and disruptions to patient, playing a very important role in the future of chemotherapy. The pharmaceutical industry is also interested in developing these systems for commercial reasons, as their use enables repatentar drugs whose effectiveness is proven therapeutic. The systems controlled-release drugs are the most commonly used micro and nano-matrix polymer, covering microspheres and the microcapsules. The biodegradable polymer, the release of the drug depends largely on the speed of degradation of polymer. Mainly because of their characteristics of biocompatibility and biodegradability, we have selected the poly lactic and glycolic acid (PLGA) as a potential carrier of the drugs in question.

Author: ROLÓN MIRIAM SOLEDAD.
Year: 2005.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID [www.ucm.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE FARMACIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE FARMACIA.

Summary: Chagas disease is a parasitic disease caused by a protozoan of whipped Class Kinetoplastida, Trypanosoma cruzi. Its life cycle is very complex, with three different stadiums (epimastigotes, tripomastigotes and amastigotes) and mandatory passes through a vertebrate host (mammal) and one invertebrate (triatomino) to survive. According to the WHO, it is estimated that between 18 and 20 million are infected with T. cruzi and another 40 million are at risk of acquiring the disease. Given that can be fatal in its acute phase and in the chronic, it is logical that this parasitic raises concern among health authorities in affected countries. Recent studies show nearly 200000 new cases and 21000 deaths associated with the disease occur each year. The disease is endemic from northern Mexico to southern Argentina. The parasite is distributed primarily by rural non-high altitude, where the vector, allowing the ciclonatural is completed. However, the migration from rural to urban areas, and other countries, have resulted in an increase in their geographical distribution. The drugs used to treat the disease, are mainly two: Nifurtimox and Benzonidazol, which were developed empirically in the years'60 and'70, and patented 21 years ago. Both drugs eliminated the symptoms if given during the acute phase, shortening the course of infection, but have little activity in chronic phase. It is being developed, however, new methods of approximation to treat the disease based on the knowledge of physiology and biochemistry of etiologic agent, as well as the development of new compounds with specific targets. Among the new targets for chemotherapy of Chagas Disease include, sterol metabolism, as tripanotion reductase enzymes, cistein proteinase, hipoxantin-guanin fosforibosiltransferasa, DNA topoisomerasas and dihidrofoltao reductase, among others. The tripanosomátidos do not have all the enzymes necessary for the synthesis of cholesterol, however, presents an enzyme necessary for the synthesis of other sterol, ergosterol, which like the fungi is the majority component of its cell membrane. This characteristic metabolic has most recently been explored as an alternative to chemotherapy against T. cruzi and Leishmania, sieving drugs used as aantifúngicos that interfere with the ergosterol biosynthesis. The antibióitco polieno Amphotericin B is a potent antifungal and presents great inhibitory activity in vitro in T. cruzi and Leishmania for its high affinity for the ergosteroles membrane sterols and related to it, but their use in experimental infection of mice with T.cruzi no activity at maximum tolerated doses. However, the search for new compounds synthesis inhibitors sterols (SBI) could be a first step towards obtaining a possible agent quimioterapeútico. The methods for screening in vitro on different forms cell T.curzi are particularly laborious, especially those that employ microscopic cell count to determine the activity of a compound. The last decade has developed a new colorimetric method for the determination of cell viability, both microorganisms adapted to different cell lines. This method is based on reducing the substrate resazurina (color quinonamina) resorufina from its oxidized form of blue to its short form fluorescent pink and whose intensity can be quantified in a spectrophotometer. For all these reasons, we have developed methods for reducing resazurina for screening new products in vitro synthesis of chemical or biological crops epimastigotes T. Cruzi to determine the activity 8 potenci 34e almente trypanocidal and on mammalian cell lines to detect nonspecific cytotoxic activity. We have also implemented drug screening conducted using biosynthesis inhibitors sterol produced by a strain of Streptomyces diastaticus var. 108 genetically modified, as a target specified in the search for new compounds Trypanocidal. These trials were conducted in the three parasitic forms.

Author: CUADROS CELORRIO MARTA E..
Year: 2005.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID [www.ucm.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE FARMACIA.
Place of preparation: CENTRO NACIONAL DE INVESTIGAICÓN ONCOLÓGICAS.

Summary: Lymphomas T encompass a range of malignancies that have a high variability of histological subtypes, so in some cases the diagnosis is difficult. To establish the diagnosis and prognosis of different subtypes is increasingly common identifying different genetic alterations, such as certain specific chromosomal translocations or other molecular markers in different groups of lymphoma T. The identification and characterization of these genetic alterations would help define these tumors and suggest new therapeutic targets. The peripheral T lymphoma (PTCL) include various biological entities with distinctive characteristics morphological, inmuno-fenotípicas and / or specific clinics, such as lymphomas T angioinmunoblásticos (AIL), anaplastic T-cell lymphomas large (ALCL), cutaneous T lymphoma as mycosis fungoides (MF) or lymphoma natural killer (NK). However, there are also a group of PTCLs not defined by any specific characteristic and is ranked as lymphomas T unspecified (PTCLnos). The PTCLnos constitute a heterogeneous group in terms of the morphology, immune cells and the clinical behavior however, no evidence that these differences correspond to entities defined clinical and attempts made so far to subclasificarlos have been unsuccessful. Studies of expression with microarrays offer a new opportunity to identify genetic differences among different kinds of lymphomas T set apart from describing potential subtypes undefined so far. With this study we wanted to make progress in the molecular diagnosis of this group of tumors, with the consequent benefit of identifying genetic markers of clinical prognosis. Based on these results, it promotes the development of new therapies for specific lymphomas T.

Author: ROMERA LÓPEZ CRISTINA.
Year: 2005.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID [www.ucm.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.

Summary: This dissertation is a study of the mechanisms of induction of endogenous cerebral ischemic preconditioning using as a model cell cultures of rat cortical. This paper elaborates mechanisms related to the transport of glutamate after ischemia and the ability of the preconditioning of decreasing levels of this amino acid extracellular exciter in the middle. It has studied the implication of this phenomenon in two ways: via TACE / TNF-alpha and related nuclear receptor PPARgamma. The results obtained show that the path TACE / TNF-alpha is involved in the mechanisms of induction of tolerance through the increased expression and activity of the amino acid transporter exciters EAAT3, while the activation of endogenous nuclear receptor PPARgamma average increase in the expression and activity of the amino acid transporter exciters glial EAAT2.

Author: REYES GÓMEZ RODRIGO.
Year: 2005.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID [www.ucm.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE FARMACIA.
Place of preparation: FACUTLAD DE FARMACIA.

Summary: The central objective of this work has been conducting a study of compatibility and stability of mixtures of drugs intended for subcutaneous administration to terminal cancer patients, evaluated the efficacy and tolerance of such mixtures in patients treated by the Palliative Care Unit that the Spanish Association Against Cancer is aimed at the Hospital 'La Paz' Madrid. The drugs were selected based on the most common presenting symptoms in patients with cancer terminals.

Author: SÁNCHEZ RUEDA M. DOLORES.
Year: 2005.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID [www.ucm.es].
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE FARMACIA.

Summary: In this work we analyzed the enzymatic activity of the trelomerasa, an enzyme involved in the process of cell aging and cancer. The analytical determinations have been made in tumor tissue samples from patients operated on by carcinima colorectal hospital cynical San Carlos. Subsequently, studies were conducted dela disease recurrence and survival in patients. According to this result, we have studied the possible involvement of telomerase activity in the prognosis of this group of patients.

Author: BOTE MOHEDANO JOSE LUIS.
Year: 2005.
University: EXTREMADURA [www.unex.es].
Place of defense: ESCUELA UNIVERSITARIA DE ENFERMERIA Y TERAPIA OCUPACIONAL.

Summary: The oral anticoagulation (OAC) are widely used drugs in recent years. Given its chronic use, it is necessary to determine the safety and tolerance of these agents in the target population for these drugs. It has been recognized in the literature the possible reduction of bone mass in patients anticoagulados, which would result in an increased risk of osteoporosis, and thus fracture. We have studied the effects of chronic treatment with oral anticoagulant drugs on bone mass, using a cross-sectional study in 120 patients and healthy control group. Both patients and controls were conducted studies: anthropometric, densitometric (using ultrasound phalanges and calcaneus), and biochemical features, including basic biochemistry, markers of bone change (tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, osetocalcina total and osteocalcin not carboxilada), and besides , creatinine, calcium, phosphorus, total protein, alkaline phosphatase, prothrombin activity, part-time tromobpolastina, why international standard and prothrombin time. RESULTS OAC therapy produces a significant increase in the fraction not carboxilada of osteocalcin. The OAC therapy produces an increase in bone resorption. In men, OAC therapy produces a reduction in the cortical and trabecular bone mass. In the women observe this effect when we assess trabecular bone mass. Conclusions We conclude that the decrease in trabecular and cortical bone mass produced by OAC therapy is due to a decrease in the gmma-carboxilación of osteocalcin, resulting from the antagonism on the vitimaina K. It is imperative to follow through markers of bone change and densitometry in patients with chronic OCP, in order to prevent and / or treat the loss of bone mass and thus the occurrence of fractures.

Author: ZARAGOZÁ ARNÁEZ FRANCISCO.
Year: 2005.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID [www.ucm.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE FARMACIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTADA DE MEDICINA, U.C.M..

Summary: After the birth must occur an abrupt transition from the placenta to the lung as a body of gas exchange. This transition requires a drastic reduction in pulmonary vascular resistance, which does not occur can lead to the development of persistent pulmonary hypertension newborn. This syndrome has been associated with a decreased activity of the path of vasodilator nitric oxide / cGMP and / or an increase in activity vasocontrictora of thromboxane A2 and / or the endotelina-1. The overall objective of this thesis is to analyze Doctoral mechanisms, in particular the dependence of [Ca2 +] i, induced vasodilation in the dependent and independent pathways of NO / cGMP in pulmonary and mesenteric arteries of newborn piglets and their dependence stimulus vasoconstrictor. The main findings are: 1 - The vasodilatation after the activation of the path of NO / cGMP presents a greater selectivity for the territory that systemic by lung. These differences are not a result of a lower effective in reducing [Ca2 +] i, but a lower sensitivity of pulmonary vascular smooth muscle of a decrease in [Ca2 +] i. 2 - The vasodilatation induced by means NO / cGMP is the result of a reduction of [Ca2 +] i mediated through activation of the SERCA and a decrease of the sensitivity of contractile proteins in Ca2 +. 3-Among the various tracks of vasodilation studied, none presented a lung selectivity for the territory. Both the activity of the adenilil cyclase as inhibition of Rho kinase proved to be the most effective mechanisms to produce a pulmonary vasodilation. 4 - The participation of the dependent and independent mechanisms of Ca2 + in the vasodilator response induced by means NO / cGMP varies depending on the stimulus vasoconstrictor.

Author: CASES CAPDEVILA M. ÁNGELES.
Year: 2005.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID [www.ucm.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE FARMACIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE FARMACIA.

Summary: Spain is an exceptional country, which could become a major supplier of aromatic and medicinal plants for the rest of the country. That would mean great benefits for our agriculture and a solution to the surplus crops, but it is necessary to carry out work of selection and improvement of plant material, define rules more suitable for crop production and establish able to meet existing demand, and to ensure uniformity and quality in the active ingredients derived from extracts. World trade in essential oils is of the order of 1000 million dollars, including both wild and cultivated sources. The major suppliers are China, Indonesia, Thailand, India and Brazil and importers EU, USA and Japan, with 72% of world imports. In foreign trade data for the years 90, Spain stands out as an exporter of lemon essential oil, sage, etc., and on a par in lavender and lavandín, but imports more than it exports essential oils dementa, eucalyptus, rosemary, oregano, thyme and fennel. The oregano is underused, in the sense that their genetic resources are not properly exploited, as the market focuses only on a small portion of its diversity, because of the lack of studies on its domestication, mowing, and so on. This paper discusses two species of the genus Origanum: Origanum vulgare ssp virens and Origanum x majoricum Cambessedes, from the point of view agronomic, comparing its adaptability to the cultivation, production and biomass in essential oil and elaborates on the composition of its oils key, making a comparative study of the same. We have chosen this two species, for the great interest in the oregano used either as dried plant or its oil because of its germicidal activity, bactericide, vermicida, fungicide and antiparasitaria and it is used by industries, Pharmaceutical, Food, Perfumero-cosmética, Parafarmacia and Herbal. Therefore, the objectives of this research are as follows: 1-Determination for three years growing content and composition of the essential oil of Origanum x majoricum Cambessedes and Origanum vulgare spp.virens and developments in the growth cycle both species. 2-Determine the appropriate time for the collection of plant material, depending on the content and composition of the essential oil. 3-Determination of the number of annual cuts that provide an acceptable rate of return. 4, Jan-Analogies and differences composition of the essential oil of both species. To obtain the essential oil distillation has been used as the procedure for Clevenger. The analysis of chemical composition has been done through committees. Both species have very good agronomic performance and both produced two blooms annually, reaching its maximum biomass production in the second year of cultivation and being this and the essential oil much higher in the Origanum x majoricum. The maximum production and essential oil obtained for the two species the second year of cultivation and on the first and third cutting of the four made: before flowering, it starts up, full flowering and flowering last. On the flowering of higher yields in essential oil corresponds to the full flowering in O.vulgare ssp virens and during floración-floración last in the Origanum x majoricum. The qualitative composition of the two oils is different, introducing common components such as cis beta-ocimero and alfa-terpineol and other specific: Origanum x majoricum: canfeno and beta-felandreno and Origanum vulgare ssp.virens: Beta -cariofileno, and linalol thymol, which in any case exceed the 7% of the total concentration. It has been observed that the fraction of monoterpenes oxygen is very high in the essential oil of Origanum x majoricum (52%). By 8 other pa 323 rte has shown that changes in the composition of the essential oil in the successive years of cultivation is very different in the two species. The two species of Origanum studied are suitable for cultivation, but its composition and evolutionary behavior do not match, so no one can define the suitability of one or the other. The choice therefore depend on the final destination of the product.

Author: ORÍO ORTIZ LAURA.
Year: 2005.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID [www.ucm.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.

Summary: This Doctoral Thesis is designed to assess the ability of the 3,4-metilenodioximetanfetamina (MDMA, "ecstasy"), so a process of neuroinflamatorio, reflected by intense microglial activation and cytokine release pro-inflamatorias such as IL-1beta , and explore the implication of this inflammatory reaction in the hipertemia and neurotoxicity caused by the drug. For this study were used male rats Dark Agouti. The MDMA was administered as a single dose (which has proved to be neurotoxic) from 12.5 mg / kg ip The data obtained in this Doctoral Thesis indicate that the administration of MDMA in rats cause sharp increase in the concentration of IL-1beta in frontal cortex and the hypothalamus, which is associated with activation of the microglía, rather than astroglía , in the same brain structures. The release of IL-1beta induced by MDMA in the frontal cortex and hypothalamus is partly a consequence of hipertemia induced by the drug. However, the activation of the microglía inducing MDMA immediately after their administration is not related to the hyperthermic response subsequent to the injection of drugs. The release of IL-1beta after administration of MDMA has no place in the terminal serotonin and is not related to the immediate release of 5-HT inducing drugs. This release IL-1beta in frontal cortex takes place through an increase in the synthesis and processing of pro-IL-1beta by caspase-1 or ICE (the enzyme responsible for the maturation of this cytokine). However, the release of IL-1beta induced MDAM in the hypothalamus is governed by an independent mechanism of activation of caspasa-1. One interesting thing earned from this Doctoral Thesis and that was not part of the initial goals was the discovery that under physiological conditions hypothalamus produces larger quantities of pro-IL-1beta that the frontal cortex, and the conversion of the precursor (pro IL-1beta) to form bioactiva (lL-1beta) subsequent release are also held in a more efficient in the hypothalamus that in the frontal cortex. The administration IL-1beta icv, increases the toxicity serotoninérigca induced MDAM to possibly through a long-term effect on the body temperature of animals. That comment in turn suggests that the release of IL-1beta induced MDAM could in turn contribute to the maintenance of hipertemia and subsequent neurotoxicity induced by the drug. Activating the microglía induced by MDMA seems to be involved in the neurotoxicity that produces drugs in the long term, because minocycline and naloxone inhibit the activation of the microglía and prevents partially reducicón in density transporter 5-HT inducing MDAM 7 days after administration. Therefore, as a whole, this Doctoral Thesis shows that MDMA originates changes characteristic of a process neuroinflamatorio partially dependent on hipertemia and involved in the neurotoxicity inducing drugs on the serotonergic terminals.

Author: VILORIA HERNANDO JOSÉ MARÍA.
Year: 2005.
University: VALLADOLID [www.uva.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA, UNIVERSIDAD DE VALLADOLID.

Summary: In the last decade, drug treatment of moderate and intense pain experienced remarkable progress. These include the introduction of regulatory measures designed to facilitate the prescribing and dispensing opioid analgesics or the emergence in the marketplace of new drugs and routes of administration. This work has been proposed as a study farmacoepidemiológico with two distinct parts. On the one hand, it has raised a study of use of medications that would allow known supply, consumption and the cost of opioid analgesics in Spain for the period 1992-2003. Moreover, it has tried to study the safety of these drugs from suspected adverse reactions reported to the Spanish Drug Surveillance System (SEFV). The data were obtained from the supply of the corresponding catalogs for Proprietary Medicinal Products issued by the General Council of Official Pharmaceutical precincts. Data on consumption and costs were taken from the database ECOM the Ministry of Health and Consumer Affairs and is expressed in Daily Dose Defined by 1,000 people per day. Safety data were obtained from the database of SEFV. For the period studied, and the addition of fentanyl transdermal buprenorphine through, and the oral transmucosal fentanyl can be seen as changes in the supply most relevant. During these years, the consumption of opioid analgesics has experienced a considerable increase, and growing tenfold from 0317 DDD / 1,000 population. And day in 1992 to 3225 in 2003. You can distinguish a pattern to the year 1999 and one for later this year and, without that it appears to be have reached the ceiling of consumption. The emergence from the year 1998 specialty transdermal fentanyl through has changed the pattern of use of these painkillers regarding routes of administration: nearly 40% of consumption of opioid analgesics in 2003 it was this way. The drugs that experienced higher growth in absolute terms were tramadol, which is also the active ingredient used more broadly throughout the period and fentanyl. The drugs that experienced a further decline were dextropropoxyphene and pentazocine. In addition, there are regional differences in utilization. It has found a higher correlation between consumption of morphine and cancer mortality for the various provinces and autonomous regions as for fentanyl, which could be an indicator of use differential between the two drugs. In terms of cost, for all opioid analgesics, these have grown from just over 5 million in 1992 to 93 million in 2003, implying that the cost has increased by more than 18 to during the period studied. The safety profile of the study drugs is consistent with its pharmacology and with the information provided by PDS authorized. Suspicions of gastrointestinal adverse effects, Central and Peripheral Nervous System, and general disorder, were the most reported.

Author: PÉREZ PEÑA JOSÉ MARÍA.
Year: 2005.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID [www.ucm.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.

Summary: INTRODUCTION The terminal cirrhosis associated with circulatory changes and alterations of the cardiovascular reflexes autonomous related to the presence of autonomous dysfunction (DA). However, it is not aware of the influence of portal hypertension and its clinical manifestations on the DA, or the impact of the DA in cirrhotic on cardiovascular stability during liver transplantation (TH). OBJECTIVES assess in cirrhotic patients undergoing TH prevalence DA, identifying variables predictive of the presence of DA, as well as to determine the influence of the DA on the surgical procedure and its reversibility after TH. SICK AND METHODS was performed prospectively in 71 cirrhotic patients rated TH to a battery of 8 tests to assess the cardiovascular DA, which was classified into three categories: absent, initial and advanced. A study was conducted to measure hepatic hemodynamic pressures esplácnicas and cardiopulmonary. In 53 patients who were undergoing TH cardiovascular function was assessed perioperative hemodynamic cardiopulmonary serial conducting studies and analyzing the presence of hypotensive episodes maintained syndrome postreperfusión (PBS) and the need to vasoactive drugs. It repeated the same assessment for the DA 6 months after the TH. Built a multivariate logistic regression model to identify independent predictors of the presence of DA and intraoperative hemodynamic instability. RESULTS A 25.4% of patients had initial DA and 39.4% advanced. The presence of DA was related to the impairment of liver function. In univariate analysis the presence of DA was associated with the following variables: age, etiology, Child-Pugh, MELD, spending heartbeat, systemic vascular resistance, hyponatremia and ascites. However, hyponatremia and ascites were the only independent predictors of both the global presence of DA DA as advanced. During surgery in patients with TH DA filed a hyperdynamic circulation more sophisticated, associating the DA advanced with the highest incidence of SPR, hypotension and support requirements with vasoactive drugs. In the logistic regression model, only the presence of DA was associated independently development severe hemodynamic instability. After TH that 72% of patients with advanced DA improved and the 60% initial DA was resolved. CONCLUSIONS The DA is often associated with the advanced cirrhosis, it is more frequent in alcoholic cirrhosis and its lack of utility symptoms diagnosed. The existence and severity of the DA related to the severity of liver disease associated independently with the presence of hyponatremia and ascites. The DA advanced cirrhotic is associated with increased intraoperative hemodynamic instability during the TH. The DA is reversible in most patients after the TH and has no influence on overall survival of the patient.

Author: ROMEU FERRAN MARTA.
Year: 2006.
University: ROVIRA I VIRGILI [www.urv.cat].
Place of defense: FACULTAT DE MEDICINA I CIÈNCIES DE LA SALUT.
Place of preparation: FACULTAT DE MEDICINA I CIÈNCIES DE LA SALUT.

Author: GREGORI CRUZ M. DEL PILAR.
Year: 2006.
University: EXTREMADURA [www.unex.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.

Summary: In this research work on folk medicine in Valencia from Monbuey, has been trying to learn the remedies used in this locality, study and analyze the principles upon which to rest knowledge of the People's Medical demonstrate their use and transmission within the family. The scope of work has been the town of Valencia's Mombuey. The type of study is descriptive and cross. The results are set out in the first place the general characteristics of the population, after their knowledge about folk medicine and then sobrelos processes which are linked to the spread and use of the remedies.