PHARMACOGNOSY

Author: GALVEZ PERALTA MARINA.
Year: 2003.
University: SEVILLA [www.us.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE FARMACIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.

Summary: The research includes a comprehensive literature review of plant species under study: Plantago afra L., Plantago bellardiii All., Plantago coronopus L., Plantago L. lagopus, Plantago lanceolata L., and Plantago serraria L. from different viewpoints (botanical etnofarmacológico, and chemical), as well as an update on iridoiedes, esters fenilpropanoides, flavonoids, and general matters on carcinogenesis and chemoprevention. The pilot includes part, preparing extracts from the dried leaves of the species under study; isolation and quantification of compounds majority by colorimetric and chromatographic techniques; chemoprevention trials (antioxidant activity, induction of the enzyme Quinona Reductasa, inhibition the cell transformation by TPA, inhibition of induction of the enzyme Ornitina Descarboxilasa by TPA and activity estrogénica-antiestrogénica) and cytotoxicity in human tumor lines, poisons of topoisomerasas I and II and induction of cell differentiation. We identified by spectroscopic methods and determination of physical constants, favonoides, luteolina 7-Ob-glucósido in P.lagopus and P.lanceolata and rutósido in P.bellardii: fenilpropanoide, verbascósido, was identified in all species studied, and iridoides, genipósido isolated from P.bellardii and aucubina identified in the extracts from P.afra, P.bellardii, P.lagopus, P.lanceolata and P.serraria. In trials of chemoprevention, highlights the strong antioxidant activity of the extracts, there is a linear correlation between the contents of total phenols and activity antirradicalaria. In addition, verbascósido is the only compound of tested, which can be seen as an inducer of enzyme Quinona Reductasa. All extracts and compounds are inhibitors of cell transformation induced by TPA, showing higher rate quimiopreventivo P.lagopus and compounds verbascósido and luteolina 7-Ob-glucósido. The involvement in the activity of ornithine decarboxylase enzyme was ruled out. Despite the fact that all compounds isolated joined the receiver b, only presented without estrogen activity proliferation of cells lshikawa, flavonoids luteolina 7-Ob-glucósido and rutósido. Tests citotoxidad included, the study of cell viability in 8 cell lines human tumor, showing selectivity of extracts and compounds isolated by the line of melanoma UACC-62; poison of topoisomerasa I stressed luteolina-7-Ob- Glucoside, luteolina, acubuina and genipósido. Differentiation célular in line HL-60 was induced by extracts P.lagopus, P.lanceolata and P.serraria, as well as the isolated compounds, but without being able to establish a dose-effect relationship.

Author: CASTILLO TALAVERA ANTONIO.
Year: 2004.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID [www.ucm.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE FARMACIA.
Place of preparation: FAEMACIA.

Summary: This research provides an objective study of the formulation masterful in dispensing pharmacy as a model more suitable for the rational use of medicine, and as a tool best suited to provide specific treatment for the patient, according to their particular circumstances and pathologies; being, in addition, the mechanism to do a perfect pharmacoeconomics in relation to the quality of life. The work includes a historical survey of all Pharmacopeia National Spanish, the current Royal National Pharmacopoeia and the National Formulary and the National Formulary, as well as the particular law on masterful design from 1804 to 2000, which ends in the investigation. After describing the 3232 formulas masterly performed in these fifteen years, detailed preparation and follow-up of patients treated with them. It includes an economical study of the adequacy of the laboratory of office pharmacy in accordance with the existing legislation, and conducted live a hundred medical practitioners, pharmacists hundred office pharmacy, and one hundred patients, to seek their opinion on the use of secret.

Author: GARCÍA PARDO MARÍA ELENA.
Year: 2004.
University: SEVILLA [www.us.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE FARMACIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE FARMACIA.

Summary: Uncaria tomentosa (Willd.) DC., Popularly known as "cat's claw" is a species that has a long history of use in traditional medicine in various inflammatory diseases and cancer. In the tests, conducted phytochemicals have been identified four groups of active ingredients distinct: alkaloids, sterols and triterpenes, catechins and quinones, and it is not the latter group phytochemical described in the peer-reviewed literature. The survey of the fraction alcaloídica obtained allows us to conclude that this species belongs to quimiotipo rich in alkaloids oxindólicos pentacíclcios, of whom we have identified: isopteropodina, pteropodina, mitrfilina and isomitrafilina. Of these, mitrafilina is the largest component, with a ratio of 87.33%. With this fraction alcaloídica were conducted tests on cell viability leukocytes rat peritoneal macrophages and peritoneal mouse, showing a low toxicity to these components. As a mechanism of action involved in the anti-inflammatory effect described for this species, we note that the fraction alcaloídica R caria tomentosa produces an inhibitory effect on the activity of the enzyme inhibition mieloperoxidasa and on the generation of nitric oxide mediator; not checking the connection of these attracting direct effects of the reactive species H2O2 and NO, respectively. 1, being particularly significant versus cancer mana MT-3. In the case of B-cell leukemia SD-1, showed no activity. Finally, we were able to conclude that the results show that the use of the bark of Uncaria tomentosa (Willd.) DC. Known as "cat's claw" and traditionally used in folk medicine, it can be useful in the treatment of different inflammatory diseases and cancer.

Author: BAS INFANTE ESPERANZA.
Year: 2006.
University: VALENCIA [www.uv.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE FARMACIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE FARMACIA.

Summary: This Doctoral Thesis has focused on the study of 5-O-desmetilnobiletina (MND), isolated from Sideritis tragoricanum sp. Mugronensis and iridoides derivatives catalpol denominated escrovalentinósido (SV) and escropoliósido A (SC), isolated from Scrophularia auriculata sp. Valentina. The selection of these three principles are based on previous studies conducted in which the properties were demonstrated in experimental models of acute inflammation. As in vivo experimental methods have been developed new protocols for acute and chronic inflammation in mice, as in acute edema foot mouse and carrageenan-induced phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and dermatitis in induced mouse ear implementation repeated 13-acetato of 12 - O-tetradecanoilforbol (TPA). They also have developed protocols for delayed hypersensitivity (DTH) induced oxazolona, dinitrofluorobenceno (DNFB), and erythrocyte lamb (SRBC). Alongside were desarrolado various in vitro techniques to establish the possible mechanism of action of the compounds studied, among which we highlight the determination of cytotoxicity, inhibition of the production of nitrite, prostaglandin E2, leukotriene B4 (LTB4), as well as the enzymes that release, interleukins (IL), tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interferon (IFN) in isolated cells. There have also been developed cell cultures of macrophages RAW 264.7, human lymphocytes and neutrophils. Among the most notable findings and conclusions can be cited: A) MND has antiallergic properties in various experimental models DTH, reducing inflammation and the proliferation of lymphocytes, affecting mainly the evolution of the cell cycle. His antiproliferative effect is mediated by inhibition of IL-1, IL-4, TNF-, IFN-, and especially IL-2. In addition, MND increases the production of cytokine antiinflammatory IL-10. The anti-inflammatory activity in vivo is justified by its effect on the metabolism of arachidonic acid, reducing the release of LTB4 by direct inhibition of 5-LOX. B) SV and SC have anti-inflammatory properties compared to reactions DTH inhibiting lymphocyte proliferation and the release of IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, TNF-, and especially IFN. SC inhibits activation of NF- B, which justifies inhibition of the expression of the enzyme inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). In the case of SV transcription factor that is not directly involved, while also decreasing the activity of enzymes proinflammatory mentioned.