HISTOPATHOLOGY

Author: SOLANES BATLLÓ NÚRIA.
Year: 2002.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA [www.uab.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAT DE VETERINÁRIA.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA DE DOCTORADO Y DE FORMACIÓN CONTINUADA.

Author: ECHEGOYEN SILANES ANA ARANZAZU.
Year: 2004.
University: PAÍS VASCO [www.ehu.es].
Place of defense: UNIVERSIDAD DE NAVARRA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA Y ODONTOLOGIA.

Summary: A feature common histological alterations fibroproliferativas is remodeled pulmonary deposition uncontrolled tissue collagen in the lung interstitium that leads to pulmonary fibrosis. This fibrosis may be produced by two different mechanisms, interstitial fibrosis and intraalveolar fibrosis, the latter being essential in the remodeled lung. The fibronectin is a protein of the extracellular matrix that is detected in the healthy lung interstitium. His expression increases in diffuse alveolar damage in proliferative phase effusion and in the organized cryptogenic Pneumonia and the idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. This pattern of expression suggests that the fibronectin is a protein structure of the extracellular matrix and a protein of the acute phase of lung damage; their expression increased during chronic lung injury makes, along with collagen, a key constituent of the fabric fibrous stable chronic lung injury. The tenascina is a protein of the extracellular matrix absent in the interstitium of the lungs healthy. His expression increases in the initial stages of pulmonary aggression, remains during the process of fibrogenesis and decreasing when the tissue fibrosis is already established, this pattern of expression suggests that tenascina is a protein of the acute phase, regulatory and non-structural , which is involved in tissue remodeling.

Author: GONZÁLEZ-CARRERÓ FOJÓN JOAQUÍN.
Year: 2004.
University: SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA [www.usc.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.

Summary: The gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) has acquired a special significance, despite their relative infrequency, being the first solid malignancy with an effective treatment directed to a specific molecular target: inhibition of imatinib mesylate for the role shots ín- the KIT protein kinase mutated. In this series we studied 84 cases of GIST in terms of clinical, pathological and immunohistochemical trying to identify the variables that best predict prognosis. For this we use the technology of tissue microarrays, which allows the evaluation of immunohistochemical markers of hundreds of tissue samples in the same preparation. The immunostaining for KIT, which is recommended but not necessary for the diagnosis, it offers better results with the polyclonal A4502 (DAKO) at a dilution of 1:100 with heat pretreatment. The proliferation is evaluated through better index MIB - 1 with direct accounting of mitosis. Gastric tumors are the most frequently epitolioides and are less aggressive ones on the small intestine. Of all the regulators of the cell cycle and apoptosis assessed, the only shows that have prognostic significance is p53, it may be advisable to add this bookmark to the study of GIST.

Author: CASCALLANA ÁLVAREZ JOSÉ LUIS.
Year: 2004.
University: SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA [www.usc.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.

Summary: In this study we investigated the effects in vivo produced by a gain of function of glucocorticoid receptor (GR), induced by overexpression of this receptor in stratified epithelia, vehiculada by a tissue specific promoter. To that end, we characterize the phenotype of transgenic mice generated previously (K5-GR), expressing the GR controlled by the promoter of keratin K5 bovine. Mice K5-GR showed a delay in the differentiation during epidermal morphogenesis, fewer and dysplasia of the hair follicles, dysplasia and a small number of glands ectodérmicas, ecrinas and holocrinas, sometimes due to the agenesis of the same, late malformations differentiation characteristics of Displasias ectodérmicas human such as congenital aplasia complexion, thin skin, the decline in the number of hair follicles, less sweating by the absence / decrease in glánculas sweat, the absence of glánculas meibomian, and oligodontia the retaso in odontogénesis, so the transgenic mice K5-GR represent a new model for the study of these syndromes. Likewise, cleft palate secondary, observed in 13.5% of transgenic mice K5-GR represents a new animal model to study the human cleft palate. The mice with increased phenotypic expression as well as the lack of development of one or two eyelids showed severe malformations that established her as perinatal death are acrania with excencefalia, gastroschisis and cleft palate. These do not appear serious malformations in the phenotypes of the other murine models d eED described so far, where there are dysfunctions of the way NF-kB. To confirm that the phenotype of transgenic K5-GR is, specifically, the overexpression of GR, we conducted experiments involving the administration of dexametason to (Dex) or inhibiting the synthesis of glucocorticoid (GC) metopirona, in utero during the period of activity of the transgene, resulting in an increase in injuries in most tissues exposed to dex and a partial reversal of the alterations in the prone metopirona. We found inmunohistoquímicamente a lower expression of the transcription factors p63 and AP-2 in the epidermis, hair follicles and oral epithelia of trasngénicos K5-GR, which shows that the negative regulation exercised by the sobreexprsión GR on p63 and AP- 2 is involved in the delay of differentiation and proliferation of these epithelial tissues. We have also found a lower expression of the kinase IKKalfa and IKKgamma in the enamel organ, which shows that the defects observed in the odontogénesis, are the result of a negative regulation of the NF-kB signaling via exercised by MO, subject that inhibition IKKalfa, independently determined by the phenotype. By Immunohistochemical techniques, we investigated the expression levels of hormones from the pituitary gland earlier in the transgenic K5-GR, to discover an unsuspected hyperplasia layer fascicular adrenal in neonates. The fewer cells corticotropas pituitary detected both in infants transgenic K5-GR, to discover an unsuspected ad hyperplasia of the layer fasciular adrenal in neonates. The fewer cells corticotropas pituitary detected both in infants transgénicios K5-Gr untreated, as in those treated with Dex, in utero, implies that the induction of adrenal hyperplasia produced by the sobrexpresión GR in the skin and other epithelia produces an imbalance shaft hipotálamo-hipósifis-adrenal during the embryonic period, through different genetic mechanisms mediated by ACTH. The lowest intensid 8 ad in the 36d expression of GH in adenohipofisis of transgenic mice K5-GR infants, it is responsible, among other possible mechanisms for the decrease in body size characteristic of both transgenic lines.

Author: GALLEGOS AVILA MA. GUADALUPE.
Year: 2004.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID [www.uam.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA. UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE MADRID.

Summary: SE ESTUDIARON 143 PATIENTS WITH INFERTILITY ON CAUSE NO KNOWN, PRACTICÁNDOSE TEST INMUNOFLUORESCENCIA DIRECT WITH MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES FOR CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS AND CULTURE OF LIQUID SEMINAL FOR BACTERIA AEROBIAS And ANAEROBIAS AND GROWING IN MEDIA SELECTIVOS FOR MYCOPLASMA. SEDIMENT OF THE LIQUID SEMINAL SE EMBEBIÓ IN EPOXIRESINA OBTENIÉNDOSE CORTES SEMIFINOS And FINOS FOR REVIEW WITH MICROSCOPIO ÃPTYICO In 1000 AUMNTOS AND MICROSCOPIO ELECTRONIC TRANSMISSION. LOS RAZGOS CITOLÓGICOS NOTED IN THE COURT SEMIFINO SE CUANTIFICARON And ANALIZARON ESTADÍSTICAMENTE FOR COMPARARLOS WITH A GROUP CONTROL AND CONTRASTARLOS ALSO WITH THE DIAGNOSIS MICROBIOLOGICAL. . SE CONFIGURÓ A PROFILE OF DISORDERS ULTRAESTRUCTURA ESPERMÁTICA IN MEN WITH INFECTION INFÉRTILES CHLAMYDIA AND MYCOPLASMA, WHERE THE ENGROSAMIENTO OF EVIL BY INCORPORATION OF BACTERIA TO ITS CITOPLASMA FUÉ ALTERATION MORE FREQUENT. MORE POWER RESOLUTIVO IN THE STUDY OF COURT SEMIFINO In 1000 INCREASES THE COURT SEMIFINO WITH MICROSCOPIO ELECTRONIC TRANSMSIÓN, PERMITIÓ VIEWING OF THE SPECIES OF BACTERIA CHLAMYDIA AND MYCOPLAMSA THAT FOR ITS SIZE HAVE BEEN DIFFICULT FOR CONSIDERATION BY DIAGNOSTICAR METHODS CITOLÓGICOS CONVENTIONAL. ADEMÁS IN THE STUDY OF CUTS SEMIDINO, THE CHILD OF CAPACITY APRECIAR DETAILS ULTRAESTRUCTURA SE VIÓ COMPENSADA BY EXPLORING THE POSSIBILITY OF MORE AREA OF THE SHOW, WHICH PERMITIÓ THE CUNATIFICACIÓN OF FINDINGS, LOQ EU PERMITIÓ ESTABLISHMENT AND CRITERIA FIDEDIGNOS OF DEGREE OF SEVERIDAD THE ALETRACIONES OF LÍQUDO SEMINAL YCAUSADAS BY CHLAMYDIAS And MYCOPLASMAS IN LPACIENTES WITH GUI.

Author: ÁLVAREZ MARTÍN MARÍA JESÚS.
Year: 2004.
University: GRANADA [www.ugr.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE GRANADA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE GRANADA.

Summary: Whenever there are additional evidence of the importance that the behavior is in the forecast stromal genetic solid tumors, having developed in recent years many lines of research into angiogenesis and reaction desmoplásica. Angiogenesis is defined as the process characterized by the formation of new blood vessels (capillaries and véndulas) from a pre-existing microvasculature. The angiogenesis is involved not only in tumor growth but also is involved in tumor progression from stadiums preamlignos until the final stage of metastatic spread distance. The reaction desmoplásica or remodeling process refers to both the formation and degradation of the extracellular matrix; initially considered as a reaction of the host versus malignancy with intent to isolate it and prevent its progression but the role that reaction in the development of cancer is still uncertain. It was the first melanoma skin malignancy in humans where it was published that the intensity of angiogenesis could predict the ability of metastasis; further correlation, statistically significant, it has been demonstrated between microvascular count and the incidence of metastases, relapse and shorter survival, in various solid tumors: breast, prostate, bladder.,. However, the role of angiogenesis has not been as extensively studied in tumors of the gastrointestinal tract and contradictory results for adenocarcinoma of the colon. Because of this and because of the need to identify other prognostic variables we explain the discrepancy results in the same stadium, as the current systems of homogenization of patients, we have undertaken a study of angiogenesis and intratumoral reaction desmoplásica in colon cancer aided an image analysis system with the following objectives: 1-To study the correlation between different variables clínico-histopatológicas interest with angiogenesis and reaction desmoplásica. 2-To study the correlation between angiogenesis and reaction desmoplásica. 3-Studying the impact that both (angiogenesis and reaction desmoplásica) might have on survival. We have designed a cohort study restrospectivo a base hospital consisting of 406 patients diagnosed and treated for colorectal cancer at the University Hospital San Cecilio of Grenada, during the period between 1991 and 1996, selecting 81 on the basis of a set of criteria inclusion and exclusion. To study angiogenesis has done an immunohistochemical study with the monoclonal antibody CD34 compared with the same name antigen present in the vascular structures, and to study the reaction desmoplásica has been marked with connective tissue staining Red Syrian picric acid. In each instance, to study the angiogenesis through image analysis have been captured and analyzed 30 images with optical microscope to 20x of the areas hipervasculares hot or "hot spot", 20 dela tumor area and 10 from the edge of resection. In the tumor area has been studied in a gap between center tumor angiogenesis and tissue healthy peritumoral, capturing and analyzing 10 images from each of these areas. We have determined the number of field glasses for optical 20x as well as area, perimeter and a form factor, "compactness" vascular half. Similarly to study the reaction desmoplásica, in each case with the optical microscope to 4x have been captured and analyzed 8 images of the areas peritumorales identifying in each area, perimeter and "compactness" means of that reaction. Statistical analysis of data was carried out using the statistical package SPSS 11.5, the significance level used throughout the analysis has been 0.05. It has carried out an analysis 8 descrip a44 tive univariate and stratified, a bivariate analysis, a multivariate analysis and finally a Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox regression. We have obtained the following conclusions: 1 - The quantification of angiogenesis in the areas "hot spot" of the different areas tumor has enabled us to know that the tumor vascular architecture of adenoczarcinomas colon, differs from the microvasculature of the colon healthy, and within the same tumor exists between different distribution central and peripheral, keeping these differences, whatever the degree of differentiation, location, depth tumor, stadium Dukes and infiltration ganglionar. 2, or tumor-fibrosis reaction desmoplásica relates to vascular density. The tumors that lead to a more extensive fibrosis, in terms of perimeter, are those that present the greatest counts vascular tumor in the downtown area. 3, A-vascular density in the tumor periphery above average carries a higher risk of having metastatic disease at a distance, to have such a reaction below average. 4-A mayor indiferenciación tumor, the greater ability to generate greater perimeter fibrosis. 5 - tumors with metastatic disease distance are those who generate an outline more irregular in their reaction desmoplásica. 6 - The image analysis has revealed morphological and value of angiogenesis and desmoplasia in adenocarcinomas of the colon with prognostic significance. Thus, the vascular defect in the center of the tumor and the irregular contour of fibrosis (morfométricamente determined by its "compactness") have been shown as independent prognostic variable torque overall survival and disease-free. The vascular density, however, no association with any sort of survival.

Author: VILLAR PASTOR CARLOS MANUEL.
Year: 2005.
University: CÓRDOBA [www.uco.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.

Summary: We studied the effects on the thymus of Fr .2-agonistaclenbuterol used illegally as a substance finalizadora in the fattening; considerandotanto its administraciónen solitariocomo asociadoa dexamethasone. It used 18 male calves, Charolais x Retitnto, 12-14 months of age, they attach aleatoriamenteen three experimental groups: Group treated with Clenbuterol (n = 6); Group with clenbuterol plus dexamethasone (B, n = 6 ); Control group (n = 6). The effects of treatment with clenbuterol on the thymus were quantified by morphometric methods (area, volume, linear dimensions and form factors) and stereological (fraction of volume, density and surface density digital); histopathological changes attributable to treatment were observed both optical and electronic, and its impact was expressed semicuantitativamente. The results showed a clear thymic involution in the treated groups over control, while the stereological and morphometric parameters of the components varied significantly tissue in the treated groups regarding the figures control. The volume fraction of fat was significantly increased in the group treated with clenbuterol and even more when given dexamethasone. The treatments also affect ratios crust / marrow appreciate a decline in primeraen favorde the second from the control group, clenbuterolal dexamethasone. In considering the effect on normal thymocytes in the cortex was observed an increase in the size that was partly offset by a decrease in stereological parameters (volume fraction, density and surface density numbers) so that the criterion of cellularity tended remain constant; marrow on the contrary, there was an increase in both the size and the density of thymocytes. On the other hand, in both regions glandular registered a marked increase in apoptosis of thymocytes. For its part, the epithelial cells increased their values and morphometric stereological, especially in the group clenbuterol and menormedida to incorporate dexamethasone.

Author: Costa Flora Agostinho Mabota da.
Year: 2005.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA [www.uab.es].
Place of defense: Fac. de Medicina de la U.A.B..
Place of preparation: Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona.

Summary: In this estudiop describes the biological expression of different variables (p53, c-erbB2-neu, bci-2, Ki-67, Ciclina-D1) and invasive cervical cancer is evaluated as possible factors that influence the progression of disease comparing two samples from hospitals for two different countries: Hospital Central maputo (Mozambique) - HCM and the Hospital del Mar (Barcelona) H-mar. It evaluates the correlation between the level of expression of these proteins and biological variables pronosticas clinico-anatomopatologicas (size of the tumor, vascular infiltration, stromal invasion, invasion of parameters, types histológicos, stadiums FIGO). Been studied 93 women, with 46 of HCM and 47 of H-mar.Bloques paraffin contebniendo tumor tissues of these patients were analyzed in the laboratory Anatomia patologica of H-Mar, using techniques inmunohistoquímica. The Statistical analysis was carried out at the Biostatistics Unit of the Faculty of Medicine at the Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona and consisted of a phase descritiva univariada of variables followed by an analysis bivariada using Chi Square test. The univariate analysis of survival was conducted using the test log-rank. In epidemiological terms, the results of this study showed that women with cancer observed in HCM there highest proportions of female big multiparas (74%), early age at first birth), while samples belonging to Spain dominated by women with a history of use anticonceptcio oral and with a history of tobacco habits. With the exception of histological type, which was evident in all clinical variables studied (size of the tumor, its estensión, parametric invasion, infiltration and vascular invasion stromal) the parameters reflecting the most complicated was always more in the sample HCM. With regard to oncoproteinas found no association between p53 and clinical variables described, crbB-2 showed partnership with all variables in both the HCM and in HCM and in the sample of H-mar, Ki- 67 and Ciclina-D1 are showing no association and no prognostic value in the two samples. Although the clinical significance of the alterations to c-erbB-2 is controversial, this study found significant prognostic value in both samples. In this study the expression of bici- does not seem useful to predict relapses, but can be a prognostic indicator for the progression of the disease once in the early phases is presented in greater concentration after declining in the advanced stages.

Author: TORRES GÓMEZ FRANCISCO JAVIER.
Year: 2005.
University: SEVILLA [www.us.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA DE SEVILLA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA DE SEVILLA.

Summary: The vascular system is the result of the combination of two processes: vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. The training involves vasculogenesis "de novo" of blood vessels from the concentration of angiblastos home mesodérmico. The angiogenesis is a complementary process of vasculogenesis in the formation neovasos from existing ones through the proliferation and migration of endothelial cells. The regulated angiogenesis is a fundamental process in different physiological events (embryonic development, transformation of the endometrial lining in the menstrual cycle. Healing wounds, etc..) Is a very controlled through a delicate balance between angiogenic stimulators and inhibitors. The unregulated angiogenesis is a critical factor in the evolution of certain pathological situations (diabetic retinopathy, psoriasis, etc..), And a prerequisite for the growth of neoplasms (54, 56, 71). Also, it has been considered crucial intervention in the mechanism of tumor invasion and the metastatic spread of the neoplastic cells (67, 157, 165,80,71) and the growth of deposits metastáticos (170.80). We used for this study 332 specimens for biopsies tru-cut, tumorectomías, cuadrantectomías, mastectomies (simple or radical) and axillary linfadenectomías of 189 patients referred to the Department of Pathology at the University Hospital Virgen Macarena pair his studio between the years 1996 and 2004. Cases have been dismissed with multifocal tumors, at different histological types infiltrating ductal carcinoma tumors classical or mixed cases previously treated with radiotherapy or chemotherapy, with bad injuries and expressiveness antigenic cases with lymph node status unknown. Parts surgical, conveniently cut, have undergone fixation in a buffered aqueous solution of formaldehyde at 10% for 24 hours. Once fixed, it has measured the maximum diameter and macroscopic tumor sections were obtained representative of the lesion involving the edge infiltrativo tumor. Selected samples were subjected to a process of inclusion in paraffin in an automatic processor tissues during 18 hours. In paraffin blocks obtained has been made additional cuts histological were mounted on portas electrically charged for the identification of antigens immunohistochemistry using the corresponding antibody versus CD31 (monoclonal, dilution 1:50). In 165 cases were made that determination immunohistochemistry also face antigens, p53 (monoclonal not diluted), c-erb2 (monoclonal not diluted) (Concepta Byosistems SA, Barcelona) and antireceptores estrogen (dilution 1:40) (Novocastra Lab . Ltd. UK) in an automatic processor WINDOW IS (Window Medial Systems, Tucson, Arizona, USA), using the set of detection window Enhanced DDA, which includes the following components: inhibitory solution of hydrogen peroxide, antibody Biotinylated antiratón solution hydrogen peroxide, DDA, copper sulphate solution, hematoxylin and fund azuleante. The desenmascaramiento antigenic was conducted by citrate buffer at pH 6, in a pressure cooker for 4 minutes. The microscopic study has been conducted in a binocular microscope Olympus BX 40 (Tokyo, Japan). About the cuts are dyed Hematoxylin eosin histology has been established in each case the combined histological grade of Nottingham (45). Have also been correlated with each other tumor size, histological grade and their components (formation of tubules, nuclear grade and index mitósico), axillary lymph node status and number of lymph nodes involved. The valuation of the tumor microvascular density has been carried out, both in the control group as in each of the 189 patients in two phases: 1-Identification of the areas of greatest vascular density (hot spots) through microscopic observation to 100 x ( goal of 10 xy eye of 10 x). 2-vascular Spares. This has been done in each case to 200 x in a field microcosmic 0916 mm, 400 x in a field microcosmic 0229 mm and 8 in three 195b fields microscopic identical in different hot spots, with each of the increases referrals. He also has obtained an average density of vascular recount obtained with the latter systematically with each of the increases used. It has established a comparative study between the vascular density (total and average), obtained through the six vascular counting methods used to obtain the highest sensitivity and specificity. The values obtained by the procedure has been best correlated with the tumor size, degree of differentiation tubular grade nuclear index mitósico, histologic grade, status ganglinonar, number of affected nodes and 165 cases in addition to the positive or negative cells tumor compared with estrogen receptors, p53 and c-erb2. The determination of estrogen receptors has been done assessing the percentage of tumor cells stained and intensity of staining (102). The expression of p53 in tumor cells has been reflected in positive or negative results. The expression of c-erb2 was considered positive when it has appreciated complete membrane staining in more than 10% of the tumor cells. When the intensity of the staining was mild or moderate positivity has been categorized as weak and where that stain has been strong, as intense (134). Statistical analysis was carried out with SPSS version 12.0 for Windows. The methods were: 1-In the case of analyzing quantitative or qualitative variables grouped at intervals were calculated Contingency tables or Uniformity with the Chi-square test or in the case of Tabals 2x2, with the correction continuity. 2-In the case of comparison of quantitative variables according to groups that establishes a categorical variable, we used the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and in the course of obtaining significant differences we have used the test to Bonferroni multiple comparisons. CONCLUSIONS 1 - There is a relationship, although not statistically significant between differentiation and tumor size. The correlation between independent factors that make up the combined histological grade and tumor size was statistically significant only in the index mitósico. When establishing the correlation between the parameters and size tumor environment is also significant to the nuclear grade. We have also obtained are statistically significant correlation between tumor size and tumor size medium with the axillary lymph node status and the combined histological grade. 2 - The correlation between the independent members of factors combined histologic grade and this is highly significant. This correlation is maintained with the axillary lymph node status and between it and the histological grade combined. However, we found no significant difference when the correlation is established with groups with different number of axillary lymph metastáticos. 3 - The highest incidence of cases with expression of estrogen receptors occurs in the series with smaller tumor. But it is not statistically significant. The correlation between degree histólogico and expression of estrogen receptors is highly significant, remaining independently with the nuclear grade and the index mitósitico, but not with the differentiation tibular. Also significant is the correlation with the axillary lymph node status. 4-No significant correlation was obtained between the expression of p53 and various prognostic factors. 5 - The incidence of cases with expression of c-erb2 has been greatest in the number of cases with larger tumor, but not statistically significant. The correlation with the histologic grade combined is significant but not established independently with its factors or axillary lymph node status. 6 - The more sensitive and specific method for determining the vascular density, has been counting vascular at 400 increases, the best "hot spot", previously located by observation 100 increases in histological sections with inmunotición for CD31. 7 - The vascular density is correlated with high statistical significance with the tumor size and tumor size medium, with each of the parameters that make up the histological grade combined with the histological grade, axillary lymph node status and the number of nodes affected. 8-An analysis of the vascular density intervals by establishing a parallel increase in the vascular density with the number of cases with axillary lymph node metastases as well as a gradual decrease in the number of cases with axillary lymph unaffected. This analysis provides a significant turnaround from a vascular density of 40 vessels. Under increased vascular density increases with the number of tumor metastases, reaching nearly 100% of cases from a vascular density of 80 vessels. Vascular densities below 40 vessels carry an overall risk of metastasis from 20%. 9 - The number of cases without expression of estrogen receptors shows a vascular density slightly higher than the group of tumors that it expresses. But the differences between the two series are not statistically significant. We have not had significant differences in the densities associated with vascular or not the expression of p53 and c-erb2. 10 - The vascular density is an objective fact that, coupled with other prognostic factors, it could signal subgroups of patients at higher risk of axillary lymph node metastases, possibly a tax adjuvant or a more severe.

Author: HERNANDEZ SÁNCHEZ SONIA M..
Year: 2005.
University: SALAMANCA [www.usal.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.
Place of preparation: FACULTD DE MEDICINA.

Summary: Our goal was to analyze in 165 breast cancer patients, the diagnostic methods of recruitment at different ages; study the tumor phenotype (IHQ, IR / PR, p53, Ki-67, HER-2 (CB-11 and HerceptsetTM) and top2 ), and their relationship with characteristics of the patient's tumor, applied therapy (surgery, chemotherapy (neoadjuvant or adjuvant), radiotherapy and hormone therapy), and progression of the disease and, for the benefit of trastuzumab in 20 women with cancer metastatic breast. Breast cancer was detected by the patient in 69.1% of cases, with the method mammography the 20.6% (11.5% -programa screening mammography of the Board of Cstilla and Leon). Therefore, exploration mammary periodic health professionals, is decisive, ages outside scrrening and in the interval between mammograms. The mean age was 59 years (40.6% among 45-65), with tumors sporadic (91%), disease locoregional (81%), tumor size average 3cm, IDC (76%, grade III-40 %), lymph linfácticos positive (38%), hormonal phenotype ER + / PR + (60%), p53 altered (44%), Ki-67 moderado-alto (57%), expression of top2 (26.7%), HER-2 (CB-11: 43.6%: HerceptestTM: 32.1% concordance between technical 77.6% increases to check borderline cases HerceptestTM 2 + methods of in situ hybridization and FISH CISH). As reduces the expression of hormone receptors, increases size, histological grade, cell proliferation and expression of HER-2 and top2. Young women have ki-67 moderado-alto, HER-2 and top2 positive. Most receive radical surgery (53%), QT (adjuvant (69%) [CMF (40%), sCAF / CSO (34%)], RT (64%) and hormone therapy (71%; tamoxifen (66%) ). exists changing levels of p53 and top2 with the administration of chemotherapeutic agents. phenotype deceased: p53 altered, HER-2 and top2 negative. profit trastuzumaba in metastatic breast cancer: ILE medium: 9.33 months (lower 35 years: 10.3 months).