BIOCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY

Author: QUINTERO DÍAZ JUAN CARLOS.
Year: 2004.
University: SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA [More theses of this university] [www.usc.es].
Place of defense: ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIERÍA.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA TECNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIERÍA.

Summary: The hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), a collection of isomers diferencados by the spatial position of chlorine atoms, consisting primarily of the isomers alpha, gamma and delta-HCH, the isomer gamma-HCH, commonly known as lindane, has insecticidal properties and has been widely used either individually or mixed with other isomers, for the control of pests in agricultura.Su widespread use, improper disposal of waste during its production, its high persistence in the environment and toxicity, have generated problems of soil contamination . This thesis aims to generally assess different strategies biorrecuperación of soils contaminated with HCH, using anaerobic sludge and rot fungi in the wood. Anaerobic Sludge is used to treat contaminated soils under suspensión.El soil was suspended in a liquid phase in order to minimize the constraints on transfer of matería.Los results of this investigation concluded that anaerobic sludge have a high capaciadad to degrade the different isomers of HCH, gamma-HCH being the most biodegradable, which a complete degradation with 5 days of treatment, followed by alpha-HCH that desgrada completely after 15 days of treatment and more recalcitrales were with beta and delta-HCH nearly 50 días.Los effects of the type of substrate, the biomass concentration of sludge and toxicity of pollutants on the activity of sludge were also analyzed and it was found that these three factors significantly affect the efficiency of biodegradación.Sustratos cmplejos as the increase starch degradation on the employment of VFA, besides increasing the concentration of biomass reduces the toxicity of specific contaminants on microorganisms, which also increases the degradación.La degradation assessment in a reactor tank operated in phase suspension with the periodic replacement of soil sample high treatment efficiencies with replacements of 10 and 20% of soil. Moreover, it was observed that HCH isomers are altmente hidrófobos and are adsorbed onto a high proportion in the soil, being beta HCH which obsorbe greater proportion (up to a 95%) and gamma-HCH at least (until some 80%). This low bioavailability increases with the age of suelo.El use of surfactants as TritónX100 and Tween 80 significantly improves desorption of polluting the soil and also Tween80 improves degradación.Se also noted that TritónX100 inhibits dráticamente the anaerobic degradation of HCH. Because of its high potential to degrade various compounds and xenobiotics recalcitrant, assessed the ability of degradation of the different isomers with 9 fungal rot of the madera.Phanerochaete chysosporium, Phanerochaete sordida, Bjerkandera adusta, irpex lacteus, Lentinus trigrinus, Plabia Radiata, Pleurotus eryngii, Popliporus ciliatus and stereun hirsutum.La Most of these homgos showed ability to degrade any of the isomers of MBM, being the most recalcitrant MBM beta and gamma and delta-HCH more biodegradables.Los fungi with the greatest potential were Bjerkandera adusta, Pleurotus eryngii and Poliporus ciliatus.Durante he soil treatment with B adusta, demotions were observed between 10 and 20% for all isomers and also noted the existence of an antagonistic effect with soil microorganisms which limited the action of fungi and of rotting wood, which benefits antagonistic effect when inoculated low concentrations of fungi in suelo.Adicionalmente noted that the microfora soil has the capacity to degrade part isomers alpha and gamma-HCH. In conclusion, both anaerobic sludge like mushrooms prodredumbre of wood have the ability to degrade the various isómer 8 os HC 2a9 H is well degradation is more efficient anaerobic conditions, the effects of sorption, the toxicity of contaminants and cocnetración biomass degradadora, are among the main factors to be taken into account during the process of biorecuperación soil.

Author: HERNÁNDEZ DEL OLMO CAROLINA.
Year: 2004.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID [More theses of this university] [www.ucm.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD QUÍMICAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE QUÍMICAS.

Summary: The elimination of sulfur in fossil fuels is of great importance because of the environmental problems that occur after combustion, such as acid rain. The hidrodesulfuración is the method most widely used for this purpose, but it requires concidiones drastic pressure and temperature. In addition, this method fails to remove some molecules azufradas, derivatives tiofénicos. The use of microorganisms to desulfurar or biodesulfuración (BDS), can be applied to degrade these com posts in soft conditions of pressure and temperature, thus decreasing the cost of investment and operation of the process. In this paper we have used the bacterium Rhodococus erythopolis IGTS8 as biocatalizador, and has been used dibenziotiofeno (DBT) as a composite model to study the desulfurizing capacity of the microorganism in different conditions studied. It has conducted the study of the growth of R.erythropolis IGTS8. As for the growth medium, has studied the nature of the source of sulfur, carbon and nitrogen to use. Once an appropriate means of growth, have been taken into account various operating conditions during the same; has studied the influence of pH and then, the effect of temperature. With regard to transportation and oxygen consumption were measured by volume ratio of transport in the growth medium with and without microorganisms, and has defined a magnification factor that corrects the effect of increasing oxygen transport due to the presence of microorganism. Moreover, it has been estimated coefficient volumetric transportation applying a theoretical model, with good results. With respect to oxygen consumption, has proposed a kinetic model capable of describing the evolution of the speed of consumption of dissolved oxygen defined a new parameter, which takes into account the consumption of oxygen for the development of the desulfurizing capacity. From the data obtained in the study of the environment and conditions for growth, has proposed a kinetic world that mathematically describes the evolution of the concentration of biomass, the capacity desulfurizing accumulated and the dissolved oxygen concentration. Moreover, it has been studied biodesulfuración DBT using R.erythorpolis IGTS8 as biocatalizador using the technique known as contact resting cells, studying their maintenance after their growth, and operating conditions during biodesulfuración such as temperature and transport dissolved oxygen. Finally, it also has proposed a kinetic model of the stage biodesulfuración. It has conducted a survey of estequiométrico route 4S, after it is made by the kinetic model, and have applied the methods of speed and reaction of production, thus obtaining the kinetic equations of the four intracellular reactions involved in the route 4S desulphurization; has identified the kinetic parameters of the model for different times of growth of the bacterium. As for the growth medium, it is concluded that the sources óptimcas sulfur, carbon and nitrogen are DMSO 1.3 uM, glucose 20g/Ly NH4Cl 2g / L. In terms of operating conditions, the optimal conditions are: pH67, controlled Tris-HCl buffer, and 30Â ° C. With the rest of oxygen transport during growth, there is an increase in the same debi 8 do to 5df presence of the organism, which can be quantified by a factor of the increase in relation to the consumption of oxygen is due to both the growth of microorganism and mentenimiento as to capacity building desulfurizing during the same. With respect to the proposed kinetic model for growth, is very good adjustment of the experimental data obtained in a wide range of conditions. Encuanto to study the biodesulfuración DBT, it is concluded that the optimum temperature of 30Â ° C, no differences found between the use of hatchery or fermenter using orbital speeds of 100-200 rpm agitation. Regarding the proposed kinetic model of biodesulfuración, adjustment of pilot gives cough, in very different conditions is excellent.

Author: PÉREZ ANDRÉS ENCARNACIÓN.
Year: 2004.
University: PAÍS VASCO [More theses of this university] [www.ehu.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGÍA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGÍA.

Summary: The extracellular ATP regulates various cellular functions through activation of receptor purinérgicos specific. In the submandibular gland (GSM) rats were detected several receivers purinérgicos type P2X. These receptors after their activation generate ion exchange with the environment and extracellular depolarization of the plasma membrane. Exposure of acinos GSM rat to ATP (1.5 mM) activity stimulates phospholipase D (PLD). These cells lack the PLD isoforms PLD1 and dependent oleic, while it expresses activity PLD2. The mechanism by which the ATP stimulates activity PLD2 in ancinos involves: 1 - The Influence of Ca2 + 2-stimulation of protein kinase activity. 3-Stimulation of the activity fosfolipasas A2. It is also independent of the mobilization of Ca2 + intracellular and the phospholipase C activity specific fosfoinositoles. Under the same conditions and in a manner dependent on the activation of phospholipase D2, ATP stimulates the secretion of proteins, including enzymes with peroxidase activity. Furthermore, the increase in dose of ATP (5 mM) apoptosis occurs in acinos raising the levels of caspase 3, 8 and 9, cerámidos, and producing fragmentation DAN. Exposure of acinos inhibitors and receptor antagonists P2X7 cancels the effects of ATP. Therefore, the activation of phospholipase D2, stimulating the secretion, increasing cerámidos and induction of apoptosis by ATP in acinos GSM rat processes are mediated by the receiver purinérgico P2X7.

Author: Prado Rubianes Oscar.
Year: 2005.
University: A CORUÑA [More theses of this university] [www.udc.es].
Place of defense: Facultad de Ciencias.
Place of preparation: Facultad de Ciencias.

Summary: The generation of formaldehyde resins and synthetic formaldehyde leads associated emission to the atmosphere of a significant amount of toxic compounds, the most abundant of these himself formaldehyde and methanol. Typically, small amounts of dimethylether and carbon monoxide are also present in gaseous discharge. The large volume of issuance of such compounds and magnitude of the adverse effects caused by the same is necessary to treat the flow prior to their release into the atmosphere. The technologies used traditionally for this treatment include absorption, adsorption or incineration of gas. However, these systems often present a number of disadvantages that discourage its use in many cases, as are the high costs involved, the possible generation of products daniños or transfer to a medium compounds not previously contaminated. As an alternative to these kinds of biological systems (bioreactors), in recent decades have been developed and successfully operated that employ crops specifically selected microorganisms for biodegradar contaminants in the flow. Such systems show high removal efficiencies associated with minimum operating costs, which agrees ideal choices for treatment. While so far has published a number of studies which deals with the degradation of any of the above mentioned pollutants in biological reactors, this is the first in which studies the comprehensive cleansing flows gaseous mixture consisting of all of them. The main objective of the experiments described here is the development and optimization of systems bioreactors suited to conduct efficient cleansing of emissions of a kind of company production of formaldehyde resins and synthetic formadehído. Additionally, we studied the effect of key operating parameters on the efficiency of treatment, including, among other cushioning material, moisture content, conditions of providing nutritious half, the burden of toxic and the pH of operation. From the results obtained that treatment is extracted from the mixture of pollutants is feasible and efficient, and that the degradation of dimethylether and carbon monoxide represent the most sensitive processes.

Author: VUMI MAQUIESSE JORGETE.
Year: 2005.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID [More theses of this university] [www.ucm.es].
Place of preparation: INSTITUTO DE CATALISIS CSIC.

Summary: It is designed new media Agarose coated films dextrano-aspartico and dextran sulphate and assesses their properties for the industrial enzyme immobilization reversible. It raises the following subjective: A-Optimization of the preparation of the media. B-Study reversible immobilization of enzymes industrial (process of immobilization and strength of union support enzyme). C-Improved stability of the enzymes after immobilization. D-Modulation of enatioselectividad of lipases by adsorption to the media in different experimental conditions. E-Using new genetic carriers for the purification of industrial enzymes. The new carriers absorb a large percentage of protein (80% of a crude extract from Escherichia coli) in a wide range of experimental conditions (po., pH between 3 and 9). The strength of attachment of the protein is much greater than the force of the union carriers to higher concentrations of sodium chloride to 200mM and is not completely disorder has salt concentrations higher than 1M. The adisión of divalent and trivalent cations significantly increases the strength of union support enzyme. Derivatives reversible several enzymes of industrial interest (penicillin G acilasa, chymotrypsin, trypsin, beta-galactosidasa) are much more thermally stable than the corresponding soluble enzymes, and also exhibit a very interesting stabilization versus organic solvents. The ability to absorb lipases on new media in very different experimental conditions (presence of detergent, different pH and temperature, etc.). Allows us to alter, improve their enanselectividad for reaction mixtures racémicas of compounds of pharmaceutical interest. The new media also allows us to simplify the purification of interesting industrial enzymes, such as penicillin G acilasa of Echerischia coli. The new media allows us to combine the advantages of immobilization recersible very intensive with a very substantial improvement of the functional properties of industrial enzymes. Therefore, new methods of immobilization seem very appropriate for a possible industry-wide application.