CONSERVATION

Author: ALCARAZ LÓPEZ CARLOS.
Year: 2003.
University: MIGUEL HERNÁNDEZ DE ELCHE [www.umh.es].
Place of defense: ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA SUPERIOR.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE ORIHUELA.

Summary: It conducts an experiment, three-year, which applies ascorbate Ti (IV) in different combinations with commercial calcium soluble compounds and nitrogen polipeptídico (seaweed extract), different varieties of Prumus (Ciruelos Black Diamond and Red Beaut, nectarine trees Silver King and Red Globe and peach Seville II), to study the effects on the commercial quality of its fruits. There was no difference in the length of the branches, at the beginning of the cycle, but all treatments induced elongation of a rate higher than observed in the trees control (untreated). Compounds bioactivantes (Ti and N-polipeptídico) showed that the calcium more efficiently on this parameter physiological activity. Also, Ti originated cuaje flowering and fruit higher, with the best results when applied in conjunction with the two other compounds. These results indicate that the titanium induced vegetative development, as it was known in other vegetable species. The varying intensity of fruit had little impact on the number of furtos marketable who remained in the branches, since the operation clarified fruit, acuero with the approach of objectives of the experiment, not distinguish between treated and control trees. However, there was some difference in the number of commercial fruit trees treated with Ti, due to higher vegetative development of the branches. Similarly, all the fruit treated with the trace element, in its various combinations, originated fruits of greater diameter and weight, stressing that the effect on the size is obtained when applied treatment offered to the three compounds together. All combined treatments led to a significant increase in resistance to compression of the fruit and the best results were obtained, again, when applied Ca + + Ti algae and a similar effect was observed in the resistance of the skin puncture and the pulp of penetration in the same way that the fruits were more resistant to damage by the Post-harvest handling, as noted with the results obtained in the fruits subject to rotating drum. There was no significant difference in the parameters of L * b * color, while levels of a * indicate that the contribution of Ti increases the length and intensity of the red color of the fruit at harvest. This was hoped that these results show a more rapid maturation that control, but the latter had a real rate of maturation (soluble solids / acidity) higher. These results make it possible to reduce the real Ti was on the synthesis of pigments, by virtue of a greater physiological activity without being accelerate the maturation process. The behavior of different fruit in posrecolección support such a conclusion. The lower weight loss during storage at ambient conditions agreed when the fruit from trees that had been treated with combinations make Ti. This fact, combined with the higher size of such fruits, and indicates that there is a decrease in its intensity deshidratción, which is confirmed when it determines the pace of decline in daily weight per unit area and allows prove to be an effect specific trace element on the compaction of the skin of the fruit which, in turn, has to be related to higher absorption of calcium in the tissue. There was no significant difference in the concentration of N, P, K, Mg, Na, Mn or 8 Ti in aa0 edible portion of the fruits (skin and pulp) among controls and treaties, while Ca, Fe, Cu and Zn concentrations showed significantly increased with the tratmaiento. The increased concentrations of Fe in fruit, induced by the application of Ti, is consistent with what is happening in horticultural and other woody species, which shows that, in these Prumus, Ti also exerts its action through activation of the Faith in leaf chloroplasts and cromoplastos fruit. All fruits of the trees treated with Ca + + Ti algae, all varieties tested have an increased concentration of total sugar, which is due to the increase in sucrose and fructose and glucose which remained unchanged. Moreover, no difernecias in total organic acid content, but it is interesting to note that in all cases the concentration of ascorbic acid experienced a significant increase. Changes in biochemical and physiological characteristics outlined have given to the activation of Faith in the various organs of the plant, promoted by the catalytic role of Ti on metaloenzima simplicados (possibly Zn and Cu), but all the positive results achieved in physical characteristics, particularly in terms of consistency and service life of the fruit, are due to the induction of Ca assimilation that has been observed both in skin and flesh in the various fruits. The trees treated with Ti offer fruit with a calcium level of 20-60% higher than those of untreated witnesses and have greater consistency (compressive strength of the fruit, resistance to puncture the skin and flesh to the penetration), less loss depeso and better support the effects of post-harvest handling. The higher absorption of Ca is interpreted as a result of the beneficial effect of Ti on the processes of absorption, and assimilation of cation transport, as inducers treatments were performed during the period in which the Ca can be transportadon and absorbed by the fruit, thus allowing the activation of Faith cromosomático favors intergración of cation in the cell wall and, therefore encouraging the strength of the tissues of the fruit.

Author: Valentines i Escolà Maria Carme.
Year: 2004.
University: LLEIDA [www.udl.es].
Place of defense: E.T.S. d'Enginyeria Agrària.
Place of preparation: Centre UdL-IRTA.

Summary: The main objective of this thesis was to study the biochemical mechanisms that determine resistance of apples against an attack by Penicillium expansum. The various studies focused on determining the role that hydrogen peroxide plays in resistance, either directly or as inducer of other processes also involved in the resistance of fruit, as is the lignificación. It also discussed the possible relationship between the ability to empardecimiento enzyme from the fruit and resistance. On the other hand, and with the objectives of the test results obtained in whole fruit and establish a model of interpretation, we used the cell culture apple. All these studies were designed to determine the biochemical mechanisms involved in key resistance P. Expansum and propose a marker for susceptibility to apples. The results presented in this thesis show the involvement of hydrogen peroxide in the resistance, because there was an accumulation of this compound in fruits in response to fungal attack. This accumulation was found in immature fruit (fruit resistant), but not in mature fruits (fruits sensitive). In whole fruit, the generation of hydrogen peroxide was determined by an increase in activity of the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) and a decrease of enzymes involved in the degradation of hydrogen peroxide, especially of the peroxidase (POX). The results of the in vitro model confirms the involvement of hydrogen peroxide in the process of resistance as a model of interaction type compatible. In this model, the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide was mainly determined by the action of the enzyme NADPH oxidase, while the other enzymes (SOD, CAT and POX) were secondary. When the cell culture was inoculaba apple with a slurry of P. Expansum filtered, the model behaved as a model of interaction-type incompatible, a fact that shows the existence of a water-soluble inducer in the pathogen that can promote the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide. The results also show the whole fruit as hydrogen peroxide acts by promoting the accumulation of ligninas in the damaged area and that the process of empardecimiento enzyme is not related to the resistance of fruit. Metabolic changes described above appear to be mainly induced by the action of the wound and are not constitutive. Consequently, none of these parameters could be used as a marker for susceptibility of the fruit at harvest.

Author: VALDENEGRO ESPINOZA MÓNIKA.
Year: 2005.
University: MURCIA [www.um.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA. UNIVERSIDAD DE MURCIA.

Summary: The commercialization of melon presents the problem of loss of quality experienced the fruit once collected, forcing its sale and distribution for a short period of time. There is a concentration in the production and seasonality, since most is obtained in the months of July, August and September, which sometimes creates a market saturation, have a negative impact on sales prices of the farmer. This situation is aggravated when the market agree productions in the areas where the melon was grown in Spain, Castilla-La Mancha, Murcia, Andalusia and Extremadura. An alternative to this problem is the use of various post-harvest conservation technologies, which allow to go out with a quality product to market. The Community of Castilla La Mancha, brings with 31.8% of the national and 33.6% of output, with the majority melon type or Spanish Leather Sapo. Although there are many studies on the behavior of the type Cantaloupe melon and melon type Inodorus as Honey Dew, however, very few of those published regarding conservation refrigeration and physiology of the ripening of melon skin Sapo. The commercialization of melon presents the problem of loss of quality experienced the fruit once collected, forcing its sale and distribution for a short period of time. There is a concentration in the production and seasonality, since most is obtained in the months of July, August and September, which sometimes creates a market saturation, have a negative impact on sales prices of the farmer. This situation is aggravated when the market agree productions in the areas where the melon was grown in Spain, Castilla-La Mancha, Murcia, Andalusia and Extremadura. An alternative to this problem is the use of various post-harvest conservation technologies, which allow to go out with a quality product to market. The Community of Castilla La Mancha, brings with 31.8% of the national and 33.6% of output, with the majority melon type or Spanish Leather Sapo. Although there are many studies on the behavior of the type Cantaloupe melon and melon type Inodorus as Honey Dew, however, very few of those published regarding conservation refrigeration and physiology of the ripening of melon skin Sapo. We studied the behavior of the fruit during physiological maturation both on the ground and in post-harvest, which were chosen as model two cultivars of melon, a transplant early as late as Sancho and another Ruidera, were studied the evolution of the parameters quality, which define the acceptability of the product by the customer, with the objective of determining the optimum time for harvesting both cultivars. It was found that the optimum time for harvesting was 50 and 55 days after the formation of fruit for Sancho and Ruidera, respectively. The assessment was an important tool sensory highly correlated with the analytical quality determinations. We analyzed precursors and enzymes related to the production of ethylene, to determine the pattern of this kind of ripening fruit. It detected a typical behavior of a non-climacteric fruit. The main problems during maintenance were the cold of tissues, with the emergence of damage to a greater or lesser intensity and the onset of oxidation of the crust at room temperature. The effect of exogenous ethylene treatment, the application of an inhibitor of ethylene action, 1-metilciclopropeno, and waxing in the fruits on the development of the damage by cold. In the first experienc 8 ia is an 7ed alizó exit chamber after acclimatization to 3 days 20Â ° C, while the second was assessed in both output camera as behind the refurbishment of 3 days 20Â ° C, confirming that the latter condition intensifies the appearance of such damages. This alteeración was associated with a process of oxidative stress in the fruit, which was significantly more intense in the fruits also showing the first treatment more effective in maintaining both antioxidant enzyme systems and non-enzymatic. Ethylene exogenously applied had the opposite effect, speeding up processes and oxidative degradation of firmness. We studied some alternatives to improve conservation in traditional terms, to ambient temperatures. It used two types of waxes business, evaluating the influence of two separate environmental factors: the relative humidity and the presence or absence of light for the preservation of the appearance of the oxidation of the crust. Both types of waxes improved substantially apariciencia and luster of fruit, and it is very effective in lowering the incidence of oxidation of the crust, because of the protective effect against dehydration of tissues and showed a different susceptibility depending on the cultivar rated being cvar. Sancho the most sensitive.

Author: VILA LÓPEZ ROSARIO.
Year: 2005.
University: MURCIA [www.um.es].
Place of defense: Facultad de Veterinaria.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA.

Summary: Gender Chaenomeles presents special attention as potential species to grow and develop in the countries of northern Europe because of its high yield fruit, which in turn are rich in juice, arormas and dietary fiber. Four species of the genus are part Chaenomeles, C. Japonica, C. Cathayensis, C. Speciosa and C. Thibetica. Among these notable for its better adaptation to climate nórico C. Japonica originating from East Asia and now introduced as a minority culture, at home in countries such as Latvia and Lithuania. The propagation of plants is expensive and long in time, so it's interesting before you start doing so, estimate the potential of this new crop, check to be efficient and produce benefit. Therefore, the objectives pursued by this work are the biochemical characterization físíco-química and full of the fruit and its juice, and the study of its physiological behavior during development and during amacenamiento. It also seeks knowledge of the effect of cultivation area in the composition and evolution of the fruit. To achieve alcancar our goals have been accomplished, four studies that have investigated thoroughly the carcterísticas fruit and composicón chemistry and biochemistry of juice. In the first study has been investigated on the evolution of the fruit during their physiological development for four weeks prior to the technical maturity. The second study involved a comprehensive analysis of the fruit and its juice at the time of the technical maturity and the two recent studies have focused on observing the evolution of the fruit and its juice under the influence of conservation refrigeration two tempeatruras different 1Â ° C and 5Â ° C. The result has been studied their weight, color and proportion of fractions. Among the analysis made in the juice is the measure of soluble solids, acidity assessable, turbidity, pH, density, viscosity, the vitamin C content in phenolic compounds, determination of sugars, organic acids and anions and cations.