ENERGY TECHNOLOGY

Author: ALVAREZ WATKINS PABLO.
Year: 2004.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID [www.upm.es].
Place of defense: ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS DE MINAS.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS DE MINAS.

Summary: Addressing concerns about environmental problems and the disruption to laos current social conflicts, it is necessary to rethink how to design and develop, among other things, energy policy. The prospect of such an amendment will be present based on the concept of sustainable development. Specifically within the energy planning should create new conceptual frameworks for building energy strategies aimed at sustainable development, and as part of this operation, the development of mathematical models to represent the world energy system. Introducing additional conceptual pillars construction budget for the pursuit of sustainable development, such as energy needs of the human being, human development and the reverse projection of the future. This paper is a survey of the garment of these models: using mathematical tools and conventional computations. It also explores the prospects for global development, in keeping with new variables such as population growth and human development index, and presents three scenarios sustainable, showing that they are viable those roads adequately meet the needs of all human beings on the planet, which respect our environment, to be fair to future generations, besides being technically possible and economically acceptable.

Author: CALDERON SILVA GIOVANNI ERNESTO.
Year: 2005.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE CATALUÑA [www.upc.edu].
Place of defense: SALA CONFERENCIES, C2 CAMPUS NORD.
Place of preparation: U FACULTAT DE MATEMATIQUES I ESTADISTICA SUD.

Summary: In practical applications, the numerical resolution of a problem requires transient control the quality of the approximate solution. While until recently not much was commonly used measure of energy mistake, today is preferred that the measure's mistake is based on quantities of interest that determines the user. The representation of error in these quantities of interest involving the original solutions to the problem (primal) and a problem deputy associate (or dual), which can be combined in different ways: namely, the representation is not unique. This paper defines and discusses two estimates for parabolic problems (from a definition of error and the method of finite element Galerkin discontinuous in time, cG (q) dG (r)). The first used the ideas introduced by Zienkiewicz and Zhu (1987 and 1992) for postproceso tensions and Wiberg (1992) for travel, apply similar strategies for dealing also part time. The second uses estimators residual error rate. In the two cases to treat temporary part draws on superconvergencia's cG (q) dG (r). Also discussed in detail the behavior of smoothing techniques for the space (stationary). Because the representation of the error is not unique, are defined and discussed three ways for representation with two strategies postproceso to the esteem of it. Convergence studies are presented and discussed aspects of implementation and methodology and its use in adaptive mesh generation processes. The estimations are used in error processes remallado adaptive. This paper also discusses how to use the criteria remallado in the adaptive process-oriented control error in quantities of interest. It looks analytically the optimality of these criteria. In addition to its distributions for elementary versions of the bug, defined nodal versions distributions of the error. On the other hand, discusses how to choose the spatial distribution of the error appropriate to achieve optimum representation of the same.

Author: DÍEZ VEGA RAFAEL.
Year: 2005.
University: VALLADOLID [www.uva.es].
Place of defense: E. T. S. DE INGENIEROS INDUSTRIALES.
Place of preparation: E. T. S. INGENEIROS INDUSTRIALES - UNIVERSIDAD DE VALLADOLID.

Summary: Taken together, this thesis aims to provide a new methodology in the study of indoor air quality, as well as exposing measurements taken from different parameters IEQ in different working environments, where data analysis leads to the resulting conclusions. Chapter 1-Introduction of this dissertation, a brief description of the item to be addressed, IAQ and IEQ, its importance, the factors that affect it and the goals they seek to achieve. Chapter 2 .- FACILITIES HVAC AND ITS INFLUENCE IN THE IAQ - IEQ introduced as a way of influencing the quality of both the air and the indoor environment, the various facilities of a building, grouping them in: - Facilities ventilation. - Heat-water systems around. - Heating and cooling systems - all and everything coolant water. - Heating, cooling and ventilation systems - all air and mixed. Chapter 3 .- METHODOLOGY IAQ - IEQ provides a novel method to the study of the air quality inside that is based on three fundamental pillars:-Classification of pollution loads: divided pollution loads in natural sources of pollution, chemical sources and sources biological pollution, and describes the physical, chemical and biological each. - Characterization of the categories of damage: divided categories of damage to the pollution loads in classifying human health, environmental comfort and / or natural resources depending on the type of damage. - Evaluación y control: expone procedimientos de evaluación de la calidad del ambiente interior en el diseño de edificios nuevos y en edificios ya construidos. Chapter 4 .- EXPERIMENTAL METHODS OF MEASURING shows different measurement equipment used in this pilot study and the different measurement methods to be applied. The technique used is the latest spectroscopy fotoacústica (PAS) and tracer gases, as well as equipment for measuring thermal comfort. Chapter 5 - STUDY OF IAQ - IEQ IN DIFFERENT BUILDINGS covers four experimental studies of IAQ, showing the results and findings, conducted in the following scenarios: i) Hospital (kitchens). Ii) Hospital (ICU) iii) Office building. Iv) Building University. Finally, Chapter 6 .- CONCLUSIONS outlines the most notable findings of the methodology and the results of measurements taken.

Author: SAIZ COLMENAR SUSANA.
Year: 2005.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE CATALUÑA [www.upc.edu].
Place of defense: AULA CAPELLA DE L'ETSEIB.
Place of preparation: ETSEIB, EDIFICI H PLANTA 10 Campus SUD.

Summary: Energy efficiency is justified both in terms of energy for socio-economic considerations and environmental matters. The energy saving measures provide direct benefits, saving energy resources and limiting the external dependence, and indirect, among others, for environmental improvements. The historical evolution has a significant influence on the approach to energy savings targets. Thus, the energy intensity of industrial sector is showing a trend of almost uninterrupted decline since the beginning of the eighties while in the other sectors increased intensity is continuous and accelerated in recent years. This effort to reduce consumption in the industry is due to the increasing global competition requires strong efforts to companies, one of which is optimizing its costs, especially in energy-intensive sectors because of the importance of this cost in their activity. This is a work from and for the industry, wanting to make a real industrial experience of more than twenty years to find the criteria that were used and which constituted a clear long-term energy strategy. The operation of an industry is determined by the country in which they are located, the activity for which it is engaged, its internal culture and the means at its disposal. Therefore, it has supported research in general and significant a concrete example: an industrial complex dedicated to the manufacture integrated PVC, caustic soda and other chlorinated products. This is a factory which belongs to an international group of chemical industry, which is a leader in its market, which is a factory integrated works daily with special products and processes that are consumers and energy-intensive. That complex has been adapted according to each time period, the technological possibilities of the socio-economic circumstances of market opportunities for their products, the policy and strategy of the company. This study revealed the important work of a team of professionals from over two decades to build in the future. Taking as a starting point the energy strategy of industrial complex in the example chosen, defines the basic principles that define the behavior of the energy-intensive industry. With this kind of action will benefit technical, economic and environmental, not only in the industry in which they apply, but also on a global scale. Therefore, it has looked at the effect of the current philosophy of consumption of large-scale industry in the Spanish energy system, brought their causes and analyzed its future prospects. Once analyzed in detail the actual experience of a large consumer of energy and assessed the common behavior of the vast energy-intensive industry is trying to take advantage of this knowledge in other industries, where the energy factor is not decisive competitive. Consequently, the third objective of this thesis has been to find some tools that allow industries to facilitate the task of positioning energy in a manner consistent with its business strategy.

Author: FERRER BENEDÍ EDUARDO.
Year: 2005.
University: ZARAGOZA [www.unizar.es].
Place of defense: CENTRO POLITÉCNICO SUPERIOR.
Place of preparation: CENTRO POLITÉCNICO SUPERIOR.

Summary: The ability of the compounds in the ash content of coal such as sulfur or aluminosilicates (caolinita), to mitigate the deposition of chlorine compounds rich on the surface heat transfer during co-combustión fluidised bed was investigated by conducting experiments on combustion in a fluidised bed reactor of 100kW. These protective compounds can react with chlor-alkali during combustion releasing HCl (g) that do not condense or deposited on the surfaces of the boiler. Experiments co-combustión were carried out by combining three coals with different backgrounds (Germany, Poland and South Africa) together with four biomasses (meat meal, municipal solid waste, wood desescombro and fir bark). Emissions of S02 remained below the limits set by the European Union by means of the injection of limestone home to the reactor. The experiments emphasized the importance of aluminosilicates contained in the coal ash in the capture of the chlor-alkali. It collected and analyzed various streams of fly ash with a coarse particle size, which fluctuated between 21.un and 451.m. The particles submicrónicas were studied by means of low pressure impactors. The deposition of ash in sobrecalentadores was simulated by two test tubes cooled air planted in the area of gas flow after cyclone return. The refractory materials as aluminosilicates were not altered during combustion and proved to be the major compounds in the ashes thick recovered. The increase in the share of biomass in the fuel fed to the boiler promoted the transportation of larger fractions of alkaline compounds to the thick ash as a result of his or volatilization and subsequent condensation reaction with other compounds. The particles submicrónicas formed by nucleation of the compounds volatilizados during combustion. The composition of these particles suggested that essentially formed through condensation homogeneous Chlor-alkali. The number of particles submicrónicas decreased with the content of caolinita in coal. The concentration of chlorine in deposits ranged from portion funéión the position around the tube. On the side of the tube facing the combustion gases, which suffered the impaction of the fly ash thick, the concentration of chlorine was virtually non-existent in all experiments carried out. However, the locations of the test tube where the condensation of vapor inorganic or termofóresis are the dominant mechanisms of deposition, the deposition of chlorine was much more intense. There was a clear relationship between the composition of the ash from coal and the onset of chlorine in the tank. Chlorine was deposited so intense in experiments which took place upper portions of the combustion of biomass with coal along with a low content of caolinita. The proportion of alkalis that appeared along with chlorine grew to the proportions of biomass mixtures of fuels. The deposition of chlorine was always accompanied by low concentrations of aluminum and silicon. By contrast, coal with the highest content in caolinita (South African coal) prevented the chlorine will appear in deposits when it carried out its combustion with the same proportion of biomass than with the other two. He also appeared in alkaline compounds deposits, but in this case does not appear in combination with chlorine. The conversion of chlorine present in the fuel to HC1 (g) tended to be higher in mixtures of fuels with coal introducing a higher content caolinita indirectly indicating that the absorption of l 8 os cloru 433 ros alkaline, and the consequent release of HC1 (g) was more intense. It showed that the absorption capacity of the chlor-alkali by the S02 was less important than the minerals contained in the coal ash. The ratio between the content in coal caolinita respect to chlorine in the fuel is proposed as a better indicator of the ability of a coal to catch the chlor-alkali during combustion.