POWER GENERATION

Author: EGIDO CORTÉS IGNACIO.
Year: 2004.
University: PONTIFICIA COMILLAS [www.upcomillas.es].
Place of defense: ALBERTO AGUILERA 23.
Place of preparation: ALBERTO AGUILERÁ 25.

Summary: The aim of this thesis has been designing strategies regulation for a regulatory area for the automatic generation control (AGC). It has sought to improve the performance of other regulators in the occupational cumplimietno the goals of dynamic responses, cost and effort of regulation. The design of these strategies has paid special attention to its simplicity and the fact that it can be implemented in a practical way in a control center of energy. It has also carried out an analysis of the characteristics of RCP Spanish and has developed a model unit suitable for dynamic studies related to the AGC. In addition, we have developed a set of indices for evaluating the behavior of the regulator using actual data during their operation in regulation.

Author: SÁNCHEZ MARTÍNEZ DAVID TOMÁS.
Year: 2004.
University: SEVILLA [www.us.es].
Place of defense: ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS.

Summary: The system of electricity production is involved in a process of transformation in its configuration and technologies employed. From a traditional conception, in which the major decision-generation supply to places of consumption through distribution networks of large capacity and distance, it is evolving into what has been termed "distributed generation system." In this new conception, the points of production and consumption are increasingly coming and distribution losses decrease significantly. In this scenario it is necessary to develop technologies that enable the integration of the two ends of the energy chain (production and consumption) so harmonious. Here, the fuel cell is ideally suited to this requirement because of their characteristics of high performance (low power consumption), zero rumorosidad and minimum emissions contaminated. In particular, these systems are noted for not generate agents destroyers of the ozone layer (nitrogen oxides), being water and carbon dioxide alone products emitidosa the atmosphere. In this thesis is a detailed study of the operation of fuel cells oxide solid, characterized by their high operating temperature, close to the 1.000Â ° C. This temperature is one of the most interesting properties of ceramics as batteries generates a stream of exhaust gases from high energy content, which could be used in a thermal engine. In this context, integration with a gas turbine (small) with stacks of this kind presents a very high potential from the standpoint of power generation, where yields of up to 70% in the long term. In chapter 2 of this paper we describe the state of the art of fuel cells, solid oxide cells and hybrid systems, while also reviewed studies conducted previously in this area. The first step in the characterization of fuel cell systems is a thermodynamic analysis of the processes that govern them. This analysis in Chapter 3, suggests that the Gibbs free energy potential is the thermodynamics that best describes the changes that occur inside the stack. This feature will be used in further development. Chapters 4 and 5 contains a detailed description of all the phenomena involved in the operation of the battery, divided into two blocs as a convenience but inseparable from the thermodynamic point of view. These blocks analyze separately the electrochemical processes of nature and thermal processes that are linked by the combined effect of compositions and temperatures. All previous studies allow the development of a computational tool is characterized by its robustness and stability. This tool, the validity of which contrasts in chapter 6, will be the basis of behavior analysis presented in chapter 7, which employs a systematic methodology to study the effect of operating parameters from the stack on its operation.

Author: MENDEZ QUEZADA VICTOR HUGO.
Year: 2005.
University: PONTIFICIA COMILLAS [www.upcomillas.es].
Place of defense: ALBERTO AGUILERA, 25.
Place of preparation: ETSI.

Summary: This thesis has been developed with the intention to respond to some of the issues that arise when gradually increase the presence of Distributed Generation (GD) in distribution networks. One of the two main objectives of this thesis has been collaborating in the understanding of the technical issues associated with the connection of GD, specifically on the impact on losses and investments. The other main aim of the thesis has been to identify and analyze the regulatory problems associated with the integration of GD and proposals for changes in the regulation that allow better integration of the latter. These changes are intended to be compatible with the current restructuring process which is immersed in the electricity sector.

Author: PORTEIRO FRESCO JACOBO.
Year: 2005.
University: VIGO [www.uvigo.es].
Place of defense: ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE IGENIEROS INDUSTRIALES.
Place of preparation: E.T.S. INGENIEROS INDUSTRIALES.

Summary: At present, the ever-growing energy demand of mankind only to the shortage of resources and the environmental impact of its operation on the environment, has generated a growing interest in the use of fuel technologies and systems capable of producing energy greater efficiency and / or lower environmental impact, and despite great progress in systems of medium and high power, low power conventional systems accuse a serious lack of development and tencificación. Among the various energy sources that can be used as an alternative to fossil fuels, biomass plant is one that has greater potential for exploitation. Historically low energy density and high heterogeneity has hampered their use as fuel. Recently, progress on densification coupled with the growing damanda renewables have enabled pellets and briquettes represent, in certain applications, present an alternative to traditional fossil fuels. In order to contribute to an improvement in the design of systems that use as fuel pellet in the face simulation of the processes that take place within a domestic boiler representative of the state of art today. This is a model of particle through which we can estimate the progress of combustion reactions in the interior as well as their emissions and their interaction with the environment. That model will be used in the model of combustion particles that form the fact the boiler, through which it can obtain the composition, temperature and velocity of the gases leaving. These data will be used for CFD analysis of the interior of the boiler by which obtine information on the processes occurring in the gas phase (combustion, heat exchange, drag particles, formation of nitrogen oxides and soot). Made the pilot phase is observed that the behavior of this type of system is not stable opts for a dynamic formulation of the model in bed which takes into account the phenomena transitoiros associated with the process of food. The results obtained in the dynamic model of bed are subsequently used in the model boiler to finally get the response of the entire system. These results are contrasted with the experimental data.

Author: CRUZ PERAGÓN FERNANDO A..
Year: 2005.
University: SEVILLA [www.us.es].
Place of defense: ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS.

Summary: There is a direct link between the promotion of energy-efficient technologies (high yield) associated with alternative engines, with the aim of fulfilling the commitments to reduce emissions, reduce fossil fuel consumption and lengthen its life. At this point it is interesting to incorporate as a variable input, in the diagnosis and control systems for engines, the pressure in the cylinder chamber, as it is directly related to the requirements above. Conventionally, this pressure is measured directly using a very high cost of equipment, something impossible in applications other than research, with a few exceptions. It is therefore necessary to develop alternative methods which can measure it indirectly. The objective of this work is to develop a methodology based on the measurement of angular velocity snapshot engine, to get instant pressure in each cylinder and the same parameters associated with the combustion process in each of them, through a complete model of the system. To save the inconvenience associated high non-linearity of existing models, will discuss the use of intelligent optimization techniques such as Genetic Algorithms and Artificial Neural Networks, as building blocks for the desired methodology. It began its work launching models that can predict the pressure and angular velocity of the engine, known characteristics of it, the system that attaches and torque resistance. These models are validated in a mono cylinder diesel engine and a three-cylinder spark ignition of gasoline. Among the highlights of the models used are the inclusion of some terms of loss mechanical snapshots and acquisition of the non-linear characteristics that define the behavior of the coupling between the engine and cargo in each case. Subsequently assesses aware of the parameters that give rise to the pressure curve, with respect to certain characteristics of the curve exit velocity of the motor. This is done for a mono cylinder diesel engine and will serve to identify constraints to the model and not the technique of optimization high. These results were flat to spark ignition engines, as the associated terms, although in smaller numbers, with a similar meaning. Then develop intelligent optimization techniques outlined, looking first and foremost a problem with the current structure. This suggests different atirantabas in each of them, apply to the case of a mono cylinder diesel engine and theoretically. This represents an ideal starting point for determining the structure more in line with the desired application. He then discusses those techniques applied to each engine rated and noting his goodness. We analyze and theoretically cuatrimotores: mono cylinder diesel engine, spark-ignition engine three-cylinder spark ignition engine and four-cylinder diesel engine, 16-cylinder V sobrealimentado. In the case of engines available in bank incorporation of results on experimental tests. Of these, the technician turns out to be the most effective of Artificial Neural Networks with a method of unsupervised learning, that when generates results very quickly, with a motor reliability, but it is insufficient for its immediate application in the estimation of the curve pressure and parameters associated with all cylinders. This is due to the large number of combinations of parameters necessary to conduct an effective training and to ensure a level of confidence exceeding 95% in the setting. However, the method is consistent with the diagnosis of faults in cylinders, which opens a horizon very hopeful, and 8 that the 36d number of patterns of learning can be reduced drastically and be consistent with the computational capacity of existing hardware today.