INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY

Author: MOLEDO FROJAN FRANCISCO JAVIER.
Year: 2004.
University: PAÍS VASCO [www.ehu.es].
Place of defense: ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIERIA.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIERIA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DEL PAÍS VASCO.

Summary: The thesis has been carried out between 1999 and 2005, coinciding with the construction of the European Higher Education Area and the reform of the university system that implies. In it, he examines the integration process of university education in industrial engineering in the European Higher Education Area. With greater emphasis on certification of industrial engineering, at no time is lost sight of, or the rest of the technical qualifications for the industry, or the whole change that must take place in the University System for integration and Spanish confluence with other states, in the space being built for its implementation from 2010. The research is structured around a quantitative empirical study, which aims to provide answers, through which we call a target population, employers, the question of the necessity of maintaining a broad spectrum profile, academic and professional, as it is the Engineer, in the new Era of Knowledge. This study is complemented by a series of research papers complementary planned in order to illustrate and supplement the earlier those issues directly related to the guidelines issued by the Bologna Declaration: European Credit Transfer System, relevance in the labor market qualifications and reducing the Official List of titles.

Author: Sanz Pérez Lorenzo.
Year: 2004.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID [www.upm.es].
Place of defense: E.T.S. Ing. Caminos, Canales y Puertos.
Place of preparation: E.T.S. Ing. Caminos, Canales y Puertos.

Summary: The aim of the thesis is experimental research on the behavior and characteristics of submerged concrete with the addition of additives antilavado and superplastificantes, and consists of seven chapters and nineteen appendages. Chapter 1 contains the background and purpose of the thesis. Chapter 2 describes the state of art, both in terms of techniques concreted submerged, as in historical research on these techniques and the most recently developed about the effects of additives antilavado. Chapter 3 describes the Plan of Research develop in three phases: The first defines the variables considered and tests conducted to study the characteristics of different types of concrete resulting from the combination of variables, the second refers to the study of capacity sturdy boards concreted, and the third that of the bond hormigón-armaduras. Chapter 4 presents the results of the tests conducted at each stage. Chapter 5 provides a summary of the results and recommendations on various aspects of the investigation. Chapter 6 concrete conclusions of the thesis and narrows the scope for components and additives, and contains key recommendations for the manufacture and commissioning work of submerged concrete, mass or armed. Finally, in Chapter 7, suggests areas for further research related to the construction of submerged concrete elements, both as a mass armed. The thesis is completed by nineteen appendages in which records all parties that support the test results presented in Chapters 4 and 5.

Author: SAIZ SEGARRA MIGUEL ANGEL.
Year: 2004.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE CATALUÑA [www.upc.edu].
Place of defense: AULA 28.8 (ETSEIB).
Place of preparation: ETSEIB, EDIFICI H PLANTA 10 Campus SUD.

Summary: The thesis aims to provide new insights into creativity applied in engineering, particularly in the phase of generating new ideas. This will employ five lines of work: (a) Giving a simplified model of creativity, (b) Justifying its theoretical bases (c) Finding potential applications engineering (d) Aplicándolo experimentally in academic environments, (and) Aplicándolo experimentally professional environments. The model of creativity aims to: identify some significant variables in generating ideas, help âvisualizarâ as they interact with each other, âentenderâ how to act on any of them improves creativity, and finally able âverâ as acting on several at once multiply creative capacity. Regarding the line of work (a), the proposed model of creativity is given by four variables: the innate creativity, knowledge in the field of implementation, the pleasant feeling experienced in the quest for novelty and search capability using novelty the random. This model is represented by a tetrahedron which is formed by combining the points corresponding to the value of each variable located on the four pillars of coordinates representing each variable. It is believed that the volume contained within them is equivalent to the creativity of the individual or group, from which have taken the values of each variable. It illustrates that creativity can be seen as âproductoâ or synergy of these variables. Within the line of work (b) the theoretical, it is seeking on the one hand, what is the importance of these variables in creativity. On the other hand, this is how we can take action on these variables, either individually or several at once. As an example, in the state named âflujoâ the individual reaches pleasant states in carrying out the activity. This feeling pleasurable power results creative. On the other hand, as it seems that the random hides a great creative potential: âjugar with azarâ can enhance the search for ideas. Through the power game is pleasing both the state of the individual as the search unexpectedly. As shown in the model, the simple use of the power game doubly creative capacity since serving at least two of the variables in the model. The proposed model is to provide methodology to help generate new ideas. Somehow, this model can be viewed as a kind of âmáquinaâ that helps generate ideas. This machine has four âpalancasâ: variables in the model. Acting on these levers seems to be enhanced creativity. The methodology has two levels: the first, more general, which shows that acting on variables can enhance creativity and where presents different ways to be able to act on them directly or indirectly, and the second is applied experimentally following methods concrete. The first broader level can apply the model in very different ways. The methodology of implementation is not unique: it is open, so variable, it is flexible, because it depends entirely on the individual who wants to implement it, and it is generally because it can adapt to any situation. Within the lines of work (c), (d) and (e) the results of the applications made in academic and professional environments lead to different conclusions, considered acceptable to the general conclusion that the 8 model 349 as the methodology associated apply in the search for new ideas. The model seems that synthesizes a combination of variables allowing âracionalizarâ as finding new ideas.

Author: GIBAJA GALINDO EVA LUCRECIA.
Year: 2004.
University: GRANADA [www.ugr.es].
Place of defense: ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIERÍA INFORMÁTICA.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA TÉCNICAS SUPERIOR DE INGENIERÍA INFORMÁTICA.

Summary: This paper presents the system GREEN, a shell expert system for identifying biological, developed to accommodate the needs of Plant Biology. This would have applied techniques of knowledge representation, modularity, inference and treatment of uncertainty, not to mention the use of models representing taxonomic knowledge standard. He also presented a tool for generating interactive identification keys, sturdy and able to reliably reflect the biological significance of taxonomic knowledge. INTRODUCTION The taxonomic identification plays a crucial role as a starting point to pair studies on biodiversity: "Because biodiversity deals with the study of the variety of living things, the first step in the study of biodiversity is the identification of different these types of organisms in the biosphere to be considered [Diederich et.a., 2000]. Identification botany is unique: the testimony of investigations plants collected in a particular place may not have the individual completely, because the samples collected dependent on seasonality, the age of the individual, and so on. Diederich Diederich et.a., 2000] distinguishes several approaches to address this problem. part of the automated tools, the most used is the key (dichotomous or multientrada), while the number of systems incorporating Artificial Intelligence techniques is small and most are expert systems. Furthermore, we note the lack of multidisciplinary working, which produces designs and inadequate tools low utilization. Recent work showed that this problem has captured and a trend change. Most descriptions of taxa are devoid of annotations (data markup) and are difficult to treat from the point of view of computers. There are some models of representation of taxonomic knowledge as Nexus [Maddison et al., 1997] Delta Access [Hagedorn, 1995-2003] and Delta [Dalwitz, 1974; Dalwitz et al., 2000] the latter is the standard TDWG since 1991. Noting that Delta was not able to adapt to the new challenges of the community scientific, in September 1998, IUBIS-TDWG founded the subgroup PDS to work on developing a standard based on XML that will satisfy the information requirements of existing programs. PDS aims to provide a flexible platform to represent independent of taxonomic descriptions, in several languages to facilitate the exchange of information without loss of data sets between applications and use the same description for different purposes (Interop). Being based on XML will provide a framework for the validation of documents. SYSTEM GREEN GREEN ( Gymnosperms Remote Expert Over Networks) is an expert system in the identification of biological specimens that we have developed to deal with the challenge of reconciling the views of the botanical and computer experts. Being a well-represented group in terms of number of species and form masses members of our forest landscape, the group elected to the development of our research Gymnosperms were present in the Iberian Peninsula. have also been taken into account not only taxa wild or naturalized, have also been included those trees frequently used for forest uses , reforestation and landscaping. OVERALL SYSTEM In the process of taxonomic identification distinguish a source of knowledge, which usually occurs in the form of a dichotomous key, and a process for using such knowledge to solve a particular problem. This description is 8 akin to 1ff8 a basic structure of an expert system. note other features typical of the domains of application of expert systems; use of very specific knowledge, heuristics and imprecise nature of knowledge, is intended results similar to those of an expert, and the problem not resolved with traditional methods of computation techniques, but with symbolic reasoning. addition, the knowledge base and the inference engine, GREEN consists of a module of treatment of uncertainty, a module justificador explaining the results achieved by the system, and two modules user support: a catalog multimedia consulting known species and a glossary of scientific terms. system are consulted on the website, which broad spectrum of recipients and the dissemination of knowledge. ACQUISITION AND ELICITACIÓN KNOWLEDGE AUTOMATIC AND GENERATION OF THE BASIS OF KNOWLEDGE features information on the application domain require a process of acquisition of knowledge and congratulations. This dichotomous use varías keys from which we drew up a list of characters diagnosis (or attributes descriptors ) and goals in three levels: family, genus and species. This hierarchical organization of knowledge offers the advantage of response at various levels. With these characters we developed a set of tables decision [Durkin, 1994]. tool KeyManager processed tables with a decision algorithm TDIDT (Top-Down Induction Decision On Tress), the algorithm ID3 [Quinlan, 1986]. entropy algorithm ID3 used as a rule of division, which produces a knowledge base consisting of a set of rules that little information can identify with. during the identification is common not to have any information that leads from the root of the decision tree to a goal, under this assumption we have created several models of qualifying for the same set of examples increasingly taking a node root different. TREATMENT OF UNCERTAINTY AND MAINTENANCE OF THE CONSISTENCIA There are several theories for the treatment of uncertainty as the theory of evidence [Dempster, 1967: Shafer, 1976], the probability theory or the theory of fuzzy sets [Zadeh , 1965]. Given the characteristics of the taxonomic status, the absence of historical data and the difficulties of defining variables and functions diffuse mass of probability, we have selected the theory of factors certainty [shortlife & Buchanan, 1975.] This theory model provides a computationally simpler and more natural for someone not mathematical other approaches [Harrison & Kovalchic, 1998], can also establish interim results differing responses of the system that are best suited to the experts and facilitates the expression of subjective estimates of certainty . GREEN incorporates an enhancer of consistency and because the syntax of a rule is sufficiently restrictive, systematically examines each of the rules of the knowledge base to detect and correct inconsistencies following: if conditions unnecessary, redundant rules, rules and conflicting rules subsumed. thus ensure that the knowledge base is complete and consistent (completeness) (consistency). ENGINE OF INFERENCIA It is based on the model proposed by Ignizio [Ignizio, 1991], which we have adapted to the domain of Taxonomy. For this we have included treatment of uncertainty by factors of certainty and altered the strategy questions to the user. inference engine uses reasoning forward (of the data to the conclusions) and backward (for the purposes of data). The first strategy is appropriate to consult the system without any prior assumptions about the conclusion and the second to test a certain assumption, as the search process is more targeted and reduces the number of questions to the user. The user can combine these two strategies at the same time. Having to inference, justificador system returns results sorted according to their relevance to the query and trace orderly scheme reasoning. justification This increases user confidence in the system and allows you to become familiar with the characters to observe the process and reasoning of human expert who has contributed his knowledge to the system. UPDATING THE SYSTEM GREEN Following the emergence of SDD, the systems developed for the Herbarium are in a stage of upgrading to accommodate the new requirements of standardization . For this we have developed: 1-KMtoSDD. Performs translation KeyManager to PDS. thus based applications can operate with PDS datasets developed for KeyManager. 2-SDDtoKM. Translates data sets written format PDS model KeyManager habilitándolo to use data sets developed in accordance with the new standard. 3-DAtoSDD. Translates between DeltaAccess and PDS. Add that gives do that DeltaAccess is capable of importing Delta, also provides translation between Delta and PDS . 4-KMtoDelta. Translates of KeyManager Delta, the old standard TDWG. We have also developed a set of Java classes, which have been grouped into a package very useful, JSDD that makes reading the paper and acts of PDS an intermediary between XML and other applications, for example KMT or PDS, SDDtoKM and Xkey (see below). Lastly, we made Green the capacity to generate the interface automatically and independently of the data set. The result is a shell compatible with the first version of the system and with the models representing most relevant knowledge, which allows identification of consultations on a wide range of taxonomic groups. GENERATION OF INTERACTIVE KEY FOR IDENTIFICATION: TOOL XKEY The identification keys are special important projects with the development of field guides and floras in its inclusion is essential. Generally, the expert designed these keys without using any computer support. This means investing a lot of time and the development of a key, and a high cost when they notice an error in it. Xkey is a tool to generate identification keys which operates directly with PDS datasets. addition, it generates knowledge bases for the system GREEN shells and other expert systems and maintains compatibility with work previously developed because it allows operate with the structure required by KeyManager. SELECTION CRITERIA RAMIFICACIÓN The construction process of identification keys involves the generation of a decision tree that is built on a strategy TDIDT. Xkey operates on four criteria branching: entropy [Quinlan, 1986], the proportion of profit [Quinlan, 1993], the diversity index Gini [Breiman et al., 1984] criterion Dallwitz [Dallwitz et al., 2000]. TREATMENT INVALID SECURITIES AND USEFULNESS OF A NATURE When you generate a key is the common occurrence of null values in data sets, Xkey allows differentiate between null values or inapplicable. taxonomy can provide 3 interpretations to the emergence of a null value: unenforceable, indifferent and unknown. addition, in Taxonomy use characters are more important than others, this is called utility (reliability) of a character [Dallwiz et al., 2000]. Where Xkey calculates the value of the criterion of division and several appear attributes as candidates for the ramification, Xkey shows the user different options, the current state of the tree and the remaining rank to be the one who selections to consider the most appropriate. CONFIRMATION OF CHARACTERS A key is common to have more than a character in the same tree node 8-clas 1e0f ificación. is, the node contains a main character and set of characters called characters confirmation (confirmatory) [Characters Dallwitz et al., 2000]. Xkey allows the user to indicate if you want to include these characters and the maximum number allowed in each node of the tree. MODES O0PERACIÓN One difference between learning models traditional classification and identification keys is the interactivity in the selection of characters. The best character from the viewpoint criterion division may not be the best character from the point of view of the expert. XKey offers several modes of operation: automatic mode, semi-automatic and interactive. FORMATS AND RELEASE RESULTS OF EXECUTING Once generated Key identification, presented to the user in the form of a tree. is possible to save this key in text format, XML, and CLIPS GREEN. addition to the key, Xkey offers quantitative information including: average length, maximum and minimum dela key standard deviation of the length of the key, number of leaf nodes and internal, and so on. EVALUATION SYSTEM OF GREEN has been conducted the evaluation of the system in two phases GREEN: validation and verification. The purpose of verification is to match the specifications of the system and operations carried out by this and should reach both the inference engine and knowledge base. Verification involves two steps: finding semantic and syntactic errors in the knowledge base and testing of the adequacy of specifications, which consists to make a report describing how the design responds system to a set of standard questions [Gonzalez & Dankel, 1993]. Validation is intended to ensure that the system output is accurate and assess how the system behaves like a really expert [O'Keefe et al., 1987]. For this, we have implemented various technical validation of systems based on knowledge, as described in [Gonzalez & Dankel, 1993]: During the development phase, we have undertaken an informal allowed validation detect errors in the data set of Gymnosperms Iberian. result of the test case is the estimation of some numerical evaluation criterion. Based on the results of experiments obtained values 83.33% and 89.16% for the acceptability and acceptability weighted respectively , which exceeds the threshold standard of 80%. add to this that most of the cases in which the system did not return the proper identification were due to the lack of information in the sample, in this case an expert nor would have given a appropriate response. Sensitivity analysis aims to assess the impact on the results produced by changes in the posts. This analysis has been carried out successfully and in parallel with the test of evidence. TEST TOOL XKEY execution XKey returns a set measures allowing compare the keys obtained for a given data set to use different criteria for division. Here are the experimental results obtained with the Gymnosperms. * Observations on the length of the keys generated. Keys generated with entropy are the minor length in almost all cases. Secondly is the view proportion of profit. * Comment on the balance of the trees. Keys are more balanced approach generated with the proportion of the gain, followed by created by entropy. * Comments on the number of characters confirmadores included.'s approach is the entropy that produces a better relationship confirmadores / internal nodes, followed by the criterion of proportion profit. * Comments on the number of characters used. entropy is the criterion used by a smaller number of characters in your keys. Secondly found the proportion of profit criterion. * Comments on the biological significance of the keys. combination of interactivity with a powerful approach for division as entropy produced very satisfactory results. CONCLUSIONS 1, has been shown the adequacy of Artificial Intelligence techniques such as automatic learning, expert systems and the treatment of uncertainty, the area of taxonomic identification. experimental results demonstrate the adequacy the techniques used. contrast statistical tests performed also confirm that the results obtained by the system were not due to chance. 2, - It has been proven that the problem of taxonomic identification can be successfully addressed from the perspective of expert systems. system's ability to reason forwards and backwards is very useful. 3-treatment by the uncertainty factors of certainty allows users to express their degree of safety observations and the system ordered their results depending on the level of certainty offered. 4-To finish GREEN, noting that the module justificador system also is helpful. order to display the trace of reasoning, allows the user decision-making and increase their confidence in the system. Moreover facilitates the learning of the characters observe. 5, - have been updated systems Herbarium with the ability to import and export data sets based on the standard PDS and has been developed JSDD, a package Javar for serving as an intermediary between SDDy other applications, such as Xkey. 6, has been developed XKey, a tool to generate identification keys which operates from datasets developed with PDS, KeyManager and descriptions in the following formats: DeltaAccess and delta 8mediante the use of utilities translation). output of the tool is presented in several formats: text, XML and CLIPS and supplemented with statistical information that facilitates comparison of the results obtained. 7-XKkey generates keys identification of our region, which represents a significant time savings for the expert. produces Its functionality with a key biological significance more appropriate than those generated with decision trees classics. Xkey also generates knowledge bases compatible with the system GREEN . 8, - generation interactive key allows a combined capacity of discrimination rules division as entropy with the approach of the expert human and get keys containing biological wiser. 9, has been made a comparative study of the effect of several criteria division in the key generation dichotomous taxonomic group with a genuine and sufficiently complex, the Iberian Gymnosperms.

Author: DURAN HERAS ALICIA.
Year: 2005.
University: CARLOS III DE MADRID [www.uc3m.es].
Place of defense: ESCUELA POLITECNICA SUPERIOR.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD CARLOS III DE MADRID.

Summary: In this thesis, after analyzing the concept and current level of development of the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), explores the processes of development and implementation of the instruments aimed at promoting it. The field work is focused on two areas. To analyze the development of instruments, are conducted intervention projects, participating in team development of the standard / CSR AENOR guide and the guide ISO Social Responsibility. Regarding deployment of any intervention with a NGDO active in this area and conduct an extensive survey on CSR that provides a detailed overview of the current situation in Spain and analyzes business cases implantation tools and strategies RSC. Among the highlights relevant inputs to the proposal of an integrated model of CSR, contemplating its conceptualization, scope, purpose and objectives, positioning CSR as an approach for addressing market failures, such as externalities, supplementary or alternative to traditional approaches of direct intervention the authorities; characterization strategic adopting CSR identification of progressivity as a key feature of their instruments and the nature of CSR as a state or quality, multidimensional and continuous.

Author: Muñoz-Cobo Rosales Juan Fernando.
Year: 2005.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID [www.upm.es].
Place of defense: Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Montes.
Place of preparation: Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Montes.

Summary: Spain has a forest area of about 26 million hectares, of which 66% are privately owned. It explores the limitations of the concept of ownership on the social function that satisfy the mountains -fuente natural resource deposit of biodievrsidad, erosion control, absorption of atmospheric carbon, maintenance and regulation of the hydrological cycle, etc., and what sets the laws, especially the laws of nature conservation areas and directives of birds and habitat of the European Union, affecting 24% of the national territory, more than 12 million hectares, of which 9 million are mountains. Article 6 of the Habitats Directive sets out restrictions on the ownership of the utmost importance to linking conservation, the favorable conservation status of species and habitats, land use, reviews of plans, programs and projects, and so on. It also examines in some detail the game, lime as currently conceived in our country, and its negative impacts on the conservation of habitats and species, because hunting is practiced in Spain over an area of 35 million hectares. There are measures that can be convenient for the better conservation of the natural wealth of Spain, which can reach the temporary or permanent expropriation of property rights in private land-managing hunting and other activities, and even the expropriation of property, all in accordance with the Spanish Constitution and the laws. There is also a forestry policy, coupled with a political environment, state, in which the General Administration of the State have more powers over the management of the territory and not only basic legislation, as indicated by articles 148 and 149 of the Spanish Constitution .

Author: Ferrandini Banchero Eduardo.
Year: 2005.
University: MURCIA [www.um.es].
Place of defense: Facultad de Veterinaria.
Place of preparation: Facultad de Veterinaria Universidad de Murcia.

Summary: In recent decades the difficulty of finding in trade cuajos natural paste lamb, as well as the inconvenience caused by the legal rules governing their contents microbiological has facilitated that industry queseras use cuajos and coagulants dairy business standards with consequent loss traditional flavors in a variety of cheeses that are achieved with cuajos paste. The first objective of this study is to characterize four different cuajos paste lamb prepared following different manufacturing processes from abomasos lambs lechales filled empty milk and, subsequently, they fall under different technologies with the aim to preserve them and studying its feasibility and commercial practice. Secondly and once selected the curd paste appropriate to combine a coagulant activity and lipolítica adequate is its use in developing Queso de Murcia al vino, compared to those obtained with liquid calf rennet, which is what usually used for obtaining industry. Lastly is the characterization of the cheese by analyzing experimental physico-chemical, microbiological and sensory rheological to determine the effect produced by this type of rennet paste lamb, cheese Murcia al Vino obtained and may be compared with those obtained following the standard technique. It shows that the curd cheese made with natural paste lamb are different from those usually made mainly to achieve a certain degree of maturity reflected in the texture in shorter time, express a proteolytic activity and lipolítica more intense as reflected in the formation of different flavors to routinely obtained, mainly slightly bitter and spicy. The results of sensory analysis panel tasting show that though these cheeses are different from those who usually are obtained by using commercial rennet, offering a valid alternative and innovative cheese sector in the region.

Author: POVEDA BAUTISTA ROCIO.
Year: 2005.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE VALENCIA [www.upv.es].
Place of defense: Dep. Proyectos de Ingenieria.
Place of preparation: Universidad Politécnica de Valencia.

Summary: The overall objective of this thesis is to explore the decision-making processes in the field of management and project management in order to bring about an improvement in the current practice of the activities in this field. It proposes a system of decision support that solves the kind of decisions themselves for the direction and management of projects and are suited to the level of maturity that companies in the Valencian regional environment have in these processes, so that gives support the modeling of complex problems in the leadership and management and without whose resolution could not be achieved success in the projects. The objective is focused, therefore, a comprehensive study of the mutual integration of decision-making and leadership and project management through the proposed instrument in the thesis. The system helps the proposed decision enables decision makers to have a greater awareness of the problem raised decision, as well as to model parameters necessary for the decision-making process (alternative criteria, weights of the criteria, method aggregate profits, â |). To reach the design of this system are carried out a series of stages: - Develop a methodology for analyzing overall level of maturity in organizations and models followed in decision making. - Establish the relationship between decision models used and the level of maturity in leadership and project management companies in the study. - Develop a methodology to aid decision that suits decisional problems for the direction and management of projects, depending on their level of maturity. To validate the methodology through a case study in a company. Through this case verifies the applicability of the method by the technical panel of experts. To that end, the various makers of some of the cooperating companies are involved in the investigation as experts in a complex process of decision itself in the area of management and project management. The results obtained in this experiment, are indicative of the goodness and robustness of the method and its potential to be used in the future for any type of business with the characteristics of businesses in the Valencia region. This method meets three conditions: provides results that legitimize the help system, a high level of acceptance among participants of the decision and helps decision-makers to think about the context of the decision.

Author: GUALDRON GUERRERO OSCAR EDUARDO.
Year: 2005.
University: ROVIRA I VIRGILI [www.urv.cat].
Place of defense: E.T.E.SUPERIOR ENGINYERIA.
Place of preparation: ETSE.

Summary: The smell mail systems are tools that have been developed to emulate the smell biological systems. One of the main drawbacks that esn currently present systems artificial eye is the high dimensionality of the joint to analyze, because of the large number of parameters which are obtained from each measure. The main objective of this tesi has sidoestudiar and develop new methods for selecting variables in order to reduce the dimensionality of the data so we can optimize processes recognition systems based on electronic sensors smell gas or mass spectrometry.

Author: DIAZ RUIZ MARIA DEL PILAR.
Year: 2005.
University: LA LAGUNA [www.ull.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE FARMACIA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE LA LAGUNA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE QUÍMICA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE LA LAGUNA.

Summary: This thesis has been carrying out a systematic study of the eumelanina summarized in the areas that have been marked on the composition, structure and formation of polymer films of this polymer. The characterization of polymeric structure has been carried out through computer simulation, scanning probe microscopies (AFM and STM) and absorption UV-vis. This study optimized geometry of possible oligomers comprising the polymer eumelanina using DFT and extracted spectra absorption UV-vis simulated for these species through ZINDO. The oligomers that are consistent in size with the experimental data obtained by STM are composed of five monomers DHI (dihidroxiindol) and its absorption UV-vis resulting spectra as absorption bands overlap to provide a continuous absorption in this whole area of the spectrum, as shown by the specter UV-vis pilot. The synthetic melanin contains iron in its membership as well as other types of natural melanin, these had been seen by AES and Atomic Absorption spectroscopy. Secondly have addressed the formation of melanin films through evaporation and electroadsorción: Evaporation in different solvents on different substrates showed that they were not forming homogeneous films by this method, however, to achieve a homogeneous distribution of the material on mica in little polar solvents such as toluene and n-hexane. The melanin evaporated on the substrate behaves like an electrical insulator. The electroadsorción demelanina on Au (111) in potenciostáticas conditions has been shown to be an effective method to form homogeneous films, whose topography is induced by the substrate and whose thickness can be controlled by the concentration of melanin to be dissolved and the time of adsorption. By increasing the thickness of the film diminishes his leadership, this behavior was studied by STM spectroscopy demonstrated that the nature of the semiconductor melanin. It has been detected in these films the presence of different species of iron, on the one hand appear iron oxides from the dissolution of melanin to pH13 and on the other hand there is an iron involved in the organic polymer film, which has been studied by AES and Microscopy Forces Magnétics. By Cronoamperometría is found that the growth of these films melanin is not associated with a process fradaico concrete but steady growth by electrorreducción through a mechanism of layer upon layer. The film thus formed a stable electrochemical response amending the answer AU (111), and that manifests itself in different electrolytes by voltametría cyclical. This response shows the presence of four peaks and three anódicos cathode which can not be attributed to either DHI wings iron species individually, but a complex mix of both. Liabilities melanin an activity electrocatalítica to the process of reduction of hydrogen peroxide, which is closely related to the role that melanin present in vivo to neutralize the oxidizing activity of reactive oxygen species which occur in aerobic metabolism. This activity is presented both at pH 13 to pH7 and there is a linear response between the flow of peak reduction of hydrogen peroxide on melanin and the concentration of hydrogen peroxide environment, which gives the film properties of melanin as appropriate biosensor. Finally systems have been formed Metal / Melanina and Plastic / Target / Melanina demonstrating the versatility and stability presenting these substrates melanin.

Author: LEAL CRUZ MIGUEL.
Year: 2006.
University: NACIONAL DE EDUCACIÓN A DISTANCIA [www.uned.es].
Place of defense: F.C.INFORMACION.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD DE LA LAGUNA.

Summary: In the event that aims to demonstrate raised in the investigation - press as a reliable source for the history of Cuba between 1934 and 1962 - is clear from its context that the same content to the stage pre-revolutionary Cuban press published in the Canary Islands (Spanish) time (from the newspapers supplied by the major media outlets to contemporary events), are extremely useful to its development and, in turn, are enriched by various opinion pieces, interviews or chronic envoys from major cities America. It shows clearly that they bring, and the quarry are essential to interpret events Cubans occurred in the period cronológico-espacial elected under review and raised. The working hypothesis will seek to demonstrate that, despite the thorough control by the prevailing political regime in Spain, those facts noticiables published once hallmarked and systematized, responding faithfully to the historical events that took place in the tropical island. The logical limtiaciones spatial and social our island society, are sufficiently overwhelmed by the prolific press published at the time, especially those revolving La Prensa more tade Day, Evening and for which he was the province of Tenerife. El Diario de Las Palmas, to the east, without impairing the dean of the press notices Canary Journal of Santa Cruz de La Palma, among others. The scientific assessment, however, does not support a study to escaqla comparative with the major newspapers in Madrid, Catalonia and Andalusia, obviating contexts. It recuerre also to preriódicos more localized on these islands and for specific references, such as The Time or placed in the library Jose Perez Vidal-Palma- or Museum Canario -Gran Canaria-, without prejudice to other documentary sources declassified. The investigation was judged that has three distinct sections for the same context space. The first analyzes previous those facts that will determine the success later led by revolutionary leader Fidel Castro, deepening in the background and consequent immediate gestan it from the mid-thirties of the past century. The social problems, especially since it was called the Revolution of 1933, the communist historiography, especially Cuban revolutionary called Phase Two, considered that the first was the colonial war of liberation in the late nineteenth century. This primea stage ventures in periods in which Fulgencio Batista, another leader of the Creole-style Hispanic, the first government resides on the island to get the most democratic ebn the decade of the forties: Governments were called authentic presided by the Batista, Grau San Martín and Prío Socarrrás. But before the elections scheduled for 1952, Batista takes power violently after the coup d'etat of 10 March. From here come the figure of Fidel Castro, candidate for the same by the Orthodox party, which detailed description primarily from journalistic sources, analyzing the major events of initiation and revolutionary gestation until direct confrontation with his erstwhile valedor: The United States North at the beginning of the decade of the sixties. This confrontation will be the third part of the investigation, after the worsening of relations with its neighbor to the north, where the revolutionary process will be consolidated after heavy vicissitudes derived by this situation with the help of another ideological and material performance: The USSR at that time. It is considered an attempt to invade Cuba by Giron beach in April 1961 and later with the missile crisis that took the world at risk of nuclear war between 14 and October 29, 1962, as a result of the installation of the then Union of Soviet nuclear weapons on the island, especially for e 8 vitar ot a79 ra invasion. It will be far more height of what was called Cold War. The skilful diplomacy of President Kennedy, competing against their own military leadership and policy with a Soviet agent Nikita Kruschev, nor wanted the armed conflict, which binds the deployed by the UN since U Thant, was neutralized the dangerous Situation with the final agreement for the withdrawal of Russian arms from Cuba and cruise missiles from Turkey in NATO, to which is added the promise that the United States will never invade Antillean Island, fulfilled until today. Fidel Castro accepted in bad shape five points agreed with the purpose of brokering UN but did not allow inspection by officials of the High Authority. Relations with the USSR became distant. Ya modo de conclusiones apuntar que la prensa española, y por ende canaria, para dichos momentos era prudentemente confiable en especial a través de la agencia de prestigio como era Efe, sorteando el régimen personalista y dictatorial del general Franco, que no deseaba interferencias externas y even fewer inmates. However, for periods with information gaps will come promptly at American press based in the major capitals of the continent and the major news agencies. With regard to the published in the Canary Islands, the uneven roots among different means of the moment, makes them the most important contributors data relevant and useful for this project. There may be disregarded input oral crawls field in the same Cuba. Therefore the press, and with systematized methodology analítico-descriptiva is confirmed as a source of inestimable value and fidelidd to make history objectively and critically, in a context different from the classical to any of the periods analyzed that citanm which are based the structural content of the doctoral thesis presented to the authorities found that the academic qualifications of outstanding.

Author: BOLTA ESCOLANO ADELINA.
Year: 2006.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE VALENCIA [www.upv.es].
Place of defense: Dep. Proyectos de Ingenieria.
Place of preparation: Universidad Politécnica de Valencia.

Summary: Participation is the best social mechanism to tackle environmental problems. The research work aims to develop a methodology for analyzing various public projects and seeing how they have participated different alegantes and type of claims more frequent and that public participation will be a key tool in the process of Environmental Impact Assessment . When we talk about participation, we are not talking about popular consultations or consensus isolated. We are talking about multi-dimensional processes in which education, legal, organizational, technical pure participation and other areas of social action work in parallel and are progressing, and feedback reinforcing each otras.En this thesis includes all legislation applied to the public participation, the various techniques for public participation and some comments to the environmental education, all of great importance for proper public participation. They have selected the following types of projects, having found much arguments and valid data for tesis.Vías communications, airports, thermal power plants, power lines, railways, pipelines â | The methodology for analyzing the project consists of search and retrieval of the projects already implemented or in progress, as well as the allegations and queries presentadas.Se analyzed metódicamentelos participants classified into four groups. It has proceeded to identify and classify the types of allegations. We have built tables and graphs related interventions for each type of alegante with his allegations in each of the projects in order to obtain a more condensed, better organized in order to draw conclusions best of each project in terms of environmental aspects, so, and legal.

Author: GALDOS ERRASTI LANDER.
Year: 2006.
University: MONDRAGÓN UNIBERTSITATEA [www.mondragon.edu].
Place of defense: MONDRAGON GOI ESKOLA POLITEKNIKOA.
Place of preparation: MONDRAGON GOI ESKOLA POLITKENIKOA-MONDRAGON UNIBERTSITATEA.

Summary: Processes hidroconformado tube consist of a tube shape metal alloy with the internal application of a fluid (emulsions of oil and water) at high pressure. The process is divided into four main phases: (i) folded tube, (ii) preconformado and closed mold, (iii) stage hidroconformado tube and (iv) operations over. Work performed for the characterization and optimization of this type of process has enabled the achievement of a number of objectives, which include: a) design, manufacture and development of a facility sensorizada of scientific, b) development of a methodology for the characterization of materials and welded tube shaped c) development of a methodology for the characterization of tribological processes hidroconformado tube d) development of a numerical model for application in robust processes hidroconformado tube e) hidroconformado three pieces of simple geometry and a brake pedal currently consists of Batz S. Coop. By printing more plasma welding.

Author: Sanjurjo Santar Begoña.
Year: 2006.
University: SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA [www.usc.es].
Place of defense: Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería.
Place of preparation: Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería.

Summary: The dissertation examines the role of polluting surface (surface-active agents) on the process of absorption of carbon dioxide in water. This has been used various surface-active agents (anionic and cationic) and different length of chain hydrocarbon. Studies absorption gas-líquido have been carried out in a column containing the bubbling liquid contaminated by various surface-active agents. To carry out the transfer of field studies in a bubbling reactor was necessary analysis of the influence of operating conditions on area interfacial gas-líquido generated within the contact team, which was conducted using a photographic and other chemical method. The experimental results have shown that the presence of these surface contaminants in the liquid phase which absorbs the gas phase leads to a glorification of the transfer subject to low concentrations of pollutant assigned to an increase in the interfacial turbulence and Renewal of the surface elements while at high concentrations of a pollutant is apparent reduction in the rate of transfer of matter due to the reduction in interfacial area by the so-called barrier effect.