OPTICS

Author: GASMI KHALED.
Year: 2004.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS FISICAS.
Place of preparation: INSTITUTO PLURIDISCIPLINAR (UCM).

Summary: This paper has studied the spectroscopy and dynamics of the reaction fotoinducida by laser complexes van der Waals Ba-FCH3 and BA-FCD3.Las molecules vdW have been formed by laser vaporization of Ba and subsequent expansion supersonic vapor Ba and solvents FCH3/FCD3 with an inert gas transporter (I). detection products and reagents has been carried out using techniques and photo-ionization mass spectrometry for time vuelo.El process of forming molecules go der Waals takes place in the expansion chamber, where the source of vaporization laser coupled to the output of the valve, are detected and analyzed species of interest contained in the beam molecular.Se have used lasers with different systems optical corresponding to carry out vaporization, the excitation and ionization: The vaporization of the sample B has been carried out using the second harmonic (532nm) laser of a Nd: YAG pulsado.La excitation of the molecules has been performed using a laser pulsed sintonizable (dye or optical parametric oscillator, OPO), while for the ionization has been used the fourth harmonic (266nm) laser pulsed Nd: YAG. Tambiénn has studied the spectroscopy of molecules CaH / CaD on a beam molecular supersónico.Para They have formed molecules CaH / CaD by laser vaporization of Ca and subsequent expansion supersonic vapor Ca and solvents H2/D2 with a inert gas transporter (I). Regarding the detection, has also been used techniques techniques and photo-ionization mass spectrometry for flight time.

Author: Mora Almerich José.
Year: 2004.
University: VALENCIA.
Place of defense: Facultat de Física.
Place of preparation: Dpto de Física Aplicada.

Summary: The aim of the dissertation is the study of theoretical and experimental Bragg grating etched in fiber optics, the development of methods for dynamic control of the networks once recorded and their various applications, both in the field of optical communications in the sensor. The development of the thesis has necessitated the development of various theoretical methods and experimental techniques. These include the simulation of the Bragg grating through the method of transfer matrices and the implementation of a new method of recording non-standard networks based on the combination of the method of phase mask with the preparation of fibers abocinadas Fusion and stretching. This method has proved particularly interesting for mounting devices dynamic variable dispersion. Among the mechanisms exploited in this thesis to change the spectral properties of networks diffraction after its manufacture, we have a particularly extensive magnetostrictive and piezoelectric transducers, controlled by electric and magnetic fields, respectively. The recording of networks and the development of control techniques have enabled dynamic addressing a whole range of applications. Of particular interest is the work done in the field of microwave photonics, on the specific issue of designing and carrying out cross filters for microwave signals reconfigurable and sintonizables. This work in microwave filters has been accompanied by the development of a theoretical analysis that has been crucial to forging truly innovative proposals such as the realization filter coefficients and negative filters cn a single high bandwidth factor Q. Additionally, the flexibility of the techniques have resulted cover a whole range of applications have been as temperature sensors and continuous electrical current and alternating, a system for monitoring the wavelength in real time, a laser and a pulsed device insertion / extraction carriers for optical communications systems multiplexed optical wavelength.

Author: VILASECA RICART MERITXELL.
Year: 2004.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE CATALUÑA.
Place of defense: ESCOLA D'OPTICA I OPTOMETRIA DE TERRASSA.
Place of preparation: EUOOT, EDIFICI TR8 DESPATX 217 Campus TERRASSA.

Summary: The use of solid state detectors, specifically CCD cameras, has grown rapidly in recent years due to its versatility and low cost. The many benefits that provide this type of cameras, makes them used in image processing, artificial vision. For scientific purposes or other more specific, such as in the areas of photometry and colorimetry. The applications developed in these fields, many of them in the process of experimentation, using CCD cameras and sensors for measuring light energy because its spectral response is highest in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum that is between 380 and 780 nm. However, the spectral sensitivity of these cameras is not limited to this region, but extends to larger lengths, being significantly until 1000 nm or so. This feature makes this type of instrumentation can be used for applications that involve far radiant energy from this range of the spectrum and not as the visible region. This capability of the CCD cameras together with the high degree of spatial resolution as presented, there has caused great expectations regarding the potential applications that may result therefrom. All the above arguments imply that in this dissertation is a question about the use of such cameras to design a system of rebuilding spectra and viewing images on the NIR region of the spectrum (800-1000 nm). The developed system uses the technique of the multispectral imagery, in other words, is a device which allows multi-record a scene through various channels acquisition with transmittance different, so that the pixels of the pictures with the camera contain some information about the spectral reflectance. This feature allows for the reflectance spectrum of the samples present in the image through the help of mathematical algorithms specific reconstruction. The methodology developed for reconstruction can be used as an alternative to conventional analyzers used in the NIR, which are composed of spectrophotometers which sensor should be sensitive to wavelengths of up to 1000 nm or more and the need to incorporate them into a network of diffraction, which increases their cost considerably. Due to the fact that in the NIR spectral properties of the materials are related to their constituents, makes the spectra corresponding to this region being used as an analytical tool, known as the NIR technology. Among the sectors that use this technology are agriculture, food industry, medical, pharmaceutical, chemical and petrochemical, textile, military and so on. Moreover, the last stage of this paper is dedicated to display color radiation from the NIR region, which is invisible to the human eye, and is also used to achieve the multispectral system. The generation of an image pseudocoloreada the scene captured an interpretation allows intuitive and easy NIR, from which it is possible to extract all the information associated with this spectral region because of the image that contains all the information present in monochrome images Captured through various channels multispectral system. To carry out the process of pseudocoloración, monochrome images acquired channels allocated to R, G, B of a display device, ie there is a proper representation of the color space. In defining the space used models of color vision existing in the visible and other algorithms decorrelación, so you get

Author: VEGA RODRIGO INES DE.
Year: 2005.
University: LA LAGUNA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE FISICAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE FISICAS.

Summary: The aim of the thesis is an analysis of the dynamics of a quantum system open linearly coupled to an environment of harmonic oscillators. This includes the study of equations required to assess their average values, which are mainly the master equation and the equation of stochastic Schroedinger, and the development of a new theory which allows the calculation of correlation functions of Multi. These correlation functions are necessary, for example, to calculate the emission spectrum of atomic and statistics of photons emitted. All equations developed and studied interactions are applicable to non Markovianas. As an example of this type of interaction, we studied the dynamics of an atom in contact with the radiation field in a modified glass fotónico.

Author: PINYOL I AGELET ALBERT.
Year: 2005.
University: BARCELONA.
Place of defense: FACULTAT DE FÍSICA.
Place of preparation: DEPT. FÍSICA APLCIADA I ÒPTICA, FACULTAT DE FÍSICA, UNIVERSITAT DE BARCELONA.

Author: RUBIO ALCOVER AGUSTIN.
Year: 2005.
University: JAUME I DE CASTELLON.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS HUMANAS Y SOCIALES.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS HUMANAS Y SOCIALES.

Summary: The adoption of instrumental digiela in the field of film production has engaged in the sector to a deep restructuring. The migration also involves changes and poses ethical dilemmas sign and aesthetic. This thesis aims to look holistically dimensions technological, economic and expresivo-narrativa phenomenon. In its first part, a comparison between the equipment and routines, analog and digital disassemble mythology tecnofetichista that are recent innovations. It belies, and the theological approach that equates film, ontologically, virtual reality, while pulling delhilo of that fallacy to their origins; what it illuminates how the subtle evolution of the concept corresponds with the interests of the industry autoconvencida from fiction multiple (of its past, its mechanisms, its destination), which has inoculated to the public: the (non) ideology entertainment. In its second part, the analysis of nine contemporary film casts as a result of the definition digital cinema as an entelechy necessarily reflective, which collects and develops the constant formal and thematic inventory postmodern.

Author: CABRERA GRANADO EDUARDO.
Year: 2005.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS FÍSICAS.

Summary: The laser has become an indispensable tool in almost all areas of science. His study since its invention in the 60's has given rise to technological applications that have changed the way of life today. This study has revealed the intense laser as a system of enormous scientific interest due to the dynamic regimes that may develop, both as a purely temporary space. In memory of this thesis presents several works, both theoretical and experimental, on the space instabilities leading to the formation of patterns in the profile of intensity and phase of the laser field. In particular, special attention is paid to analysis of the conditions for the creation and control structures located in the transverse profile of the field because of the importance they can have on future applications in the campado processing optical information. In addition, there are several studies of the dynamics of a space laser cuasi-isotrópico Nd: YAG of great openness, considering the state of polarization of the field and developing models for the interpretation of experimental results.

Author: CARO LINDO ANDRÉS.
Year: 2005.
University: EXTREMADURA.
Place of defense: ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA.
Place of preparation: ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA - UNIVERSIDAD DE EXTREMADURA.

Summary: That argument continued collaboration between Digital Imaging Group of the Department of Language and Information Systems, University of Extremadura with Area Food Technology, School of Veterinary Medicine at the same university. It focuses on the possibility of obtaining characteristics related to Iberian ham methodologies using alternatives to traditional and non-destructive techniques based on Computer Vision. In recent years, it has significantly increased the use Contour Assets as methods to identify ways within an image. There is a wide range of practical applications based on these techniques. Nevertheless, in general, cases of image processing on meat products are not sufficiently exploited. Its application to products derived from the Iberian pig virtually confined to a group of investigaicón that develops this thesis. Experiments of this thesis were conducted on Magnetic Resonance Images obtained from Iberian hams, which were acquired in distas stages of maturation, from the initial stage of fresh until the final stage of curing. In each phase images were acquired with the hams to obtain a set of data based on the techniques of Computer Vision, and proceeded to cutting ham, in order to obtain information based on physical-chemical process to be able to validate , and even correlate the data set earlier. Interest in the study of different alternatives for implementing contours Assets, and their comparative evaluation is one of the plans of the argument, which aroused the development of various innovations in this field, as well as designed and a final proposal as a compendium of all the findings obtained in part. It pursues, as an objective, the development of a specific application, in an attempt to determine the optimal timing of maturation of Iberian ham, so that this estimate is performed automatically, objectively and not destructive. In terms of methodology, shows the development of innovations and improvements algoriítmicas which are incorporated into developments Contour Asset-based energy minimization procedures classic. In an effort to overcome the limitations of these proposals are designed alternative methodologies based on the use of genetic algorithms or transform watershed. In addition, a non-iterative algorithm in which, in addition to its small complex algoítmico, summarizes major contributions. In the thesis assesses the proposals made Assets contours and is a comparative study of them, checking the feasibility of the implementation of major models presented in the study of the declining volume of muscles Iberian ham. Finally, a correlation between the performance goals through Contour Assets and those obtained using traditional methods. Thus, these techniques Contour Assets, together with the traditional processes so, can be used to assess different physical properties which distinguish the Iberian ham.

Author: LÓPEZ DURÁN DAVID.
Year: 2005.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS FÍSICAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS FÍSICAS.

Summary: The improvement experienced in the experimental techniques in recent years has led to observe the spectra of molecules involved in more or less large drops of Helium, both bosónico, 4He, as fermiónico, 3He, and reveal properties of quantum environment of great importance . As implications of the isotopic differences between atoms of 3He and 4He appear distinctive characteristics and unique from one to another kind of drops. The pure compounds of 4He always appear linked, regardless of the number of atoms, and manifest traits superfluidez to 2.2K. For their part, of 3He are linked to complex with more than 30 atoms (Approx.) and only presented superfluidez below 3 Mk. The proposed doctoral thesis that has been carried out by D. David Lopez Duran, under the direction of DR. Paul Villarreal Herran and Dr. Maria Pilar de Lara Castells, has developed a model that sheds light on the problem, taking into account the dynamics until spectroscopy system. The most important conclusion is that it has found one of the causes that contribute to differences commented earlier depending on the nature of the atom Heli, 3He and 4He. The simulation of Raman spectra of a molecule Br2 (X) immersed in complex Helio reveals how the existence of spin multiplets and degeneration in the case of aggregates containing atoms 3He produces an overlapping lines resulting in a spectrum femiónico without structure. The gradual addition of atoms 4He fewer spin multiplets to recover, in the case purely bosónico, the Raman spectrum of Br2 (X) in excellent agreement with the experimental results.

Author: MARTÍN LÓPEZ SONIA.
Year: 2005.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS FÍSICAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS FÍSICAS.

Summary: The light sources supercontinuas are sources of very wide spectrum generated from the pumping of a suitable non-linear material with a coherent beam, typically a pulsed laser. In recent years it has substantially increased the interest in this kind of sources thanks to the new fiber optic development (fibers microestructuradas or glass fotónico and tapered) and the advancement in the technology of ultrashort lasers. This thesis describes an experimental method extremely simple to generate a light source supercontinua using a continuous laser pumping and singlemode optical fiber with the appropriate characteristics. It is shown that this experimental setup can conseguiste sources supercontinuas with good stability and values of power spectral density very high. Based on the consideration of non-linear effects that take place in the fiber, it provides a theoretical explanation of the processes leading to the generation of source supercontinua well as a mathematical simulation of the same. The development of such sources is of great interest for application in fields such as optical communications, meteorology, Optical Spectroscopy and Coherence Tomography. In this thesis is shown experimentally the viability of some of these applications.

Author: VALDÉS DE LUXÁN ÁLVARO.
Year: 2005.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS FISICAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS FÍSICAS.

Summary: We present calculations of electronic structure and dynamics of various nuclear complex van der waals tri and tetraatómicos formed by gases and molecules dihalógenas. Surfaces are calculated for the state electronic key and in one case for the state excited B. In all cases are calculated energies of the states and tied in the state also excited energy and lifetimes of resonances process predissociación vibrational. Nor is it a study of the potential additive of two-and three-body potential to build larger aggregates.

Author: SÁEZ LANDETE JOSÉ.
Year: 2005.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS FÍSICAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS FÍSICAS.

Summary: The study of the generation and detection of signals reference is essential for the positioning in absolute optical encoders and alineadores masks in photolithography. In memory of Doctoral thesis presents an analysis of the current technology used for the detection of the absolute position in both systems. The analysis highlights the similarities and differences between the coding and absolute optical alignment masks, as well as the possibility of applying techniques to generate signals similar in the two areas of application. It discusses the problems of existing technology in the two areas and suggests new techniques for the generation of reference signals, removing restrictions that until now existed. It also proposes new methods of detecting the signal that solve the problem caused by the diffraction of light in their propagation at the stage of absolute optical encoders.

Author: CADEVALL ARTIGUES CRISTINA.
Year: 2006.
University: POLITÉCNICA DE CATALUÑA.
Place of defense: SALA D'AUDICIONS DE L'EUOOT-TR8.
Place of preparation: EUOOT, EDIFICI TR8 DESPATX 217 Campus TERRASSA.

Summary: In this thesis, we have designed a new perfilómetro of dual technology (confocal and interferometric), which combines in a single device the advantages of both optical techniques and have built a prototype to analyze the feasibility of the design. We have also developed a new technique based on confocal mode, which can measure the thickness of the layers submicrométricas who are in samples constructed from overlapping material disimilares. In the first part of the thesis, presents the detailed design that makes it possible to take the same head (i) clear picture field, (ii) Confocal image and perfilometría 3D confocal image and (iii) interferometric and perfilometría 3D interferometric (VSI and PSI). The image field clear and interferometry require extensive lighting while the image confocal scanning requires local and lighting within the image plane. The core of the new perfilómetro is a compact head, which has no moving parts, and is easy to align. The head is autonomous and can be set to any medium that ensures mechanical stability. For the generation of different patterns of light with high luminance efficiency, has chosen an electronic device for the generation of images type FLCoS. All the techniques used, as the sole source of light, a light emitting diode (LED) that emits high-powered light blue. We conducted a study of the benefits of the system and an analysis of the influence of vertical scanning device. We have also discussed in detail the applications of different techniques perfilométricas and presents a comparative study of applicability of the technique in relation to the confocal interferometric techniques, which shows laslimitaciones of each technique. One of the applications that is more difficult to solve with most perfilómetros optical is the measure of the shape and texture of surfaces structured obtained from the overlapping of several layers micrométricas or submicrométricas materials disimilares. Due to the differences between the refractive indices of different materials, visible light is reflected in the different interfaces. As a result, the wave fronts reflected overlap giving rise to interference patterns that are difficult to interpret in terms of topography and the surface layer thickness. The growing need for this type of measurement samples accurately has led to the investigation of new techniques based on confocal way to resolve this application. In the second part of the thesis, presents the theoretical model we have developed rigorous to simulate the response axial confocal obtained in the presence of a single layer. Here, he examines the influence of the different parameters of the model. The experimental results obtained with calibrated samples of Si-SiO2, using different wavelengths and different numerical apertures, correspond to the theoretical simulations. Although the study of the responses shows that the axial confocal system provides information that is highly sensitive to the thickness of the layer, there is a limit to the resolution axial result that it is not possible to measure layers submicrométricas. This limit is reached when the two peaks of the axial response can not be resolved. To overcome this limit, we propose a new technique based on confocal mode that allows far layers submicrométricas samples structured. The comparison of the responses obtained in axial areas where there is a layer with the responses obtained in other areas, where there is only substrate allows for the first time to perfilómetros confocal measure the thickness of layers at submicrométrica. Excellent results have been obtained when using 8 this téc 2df single to measure several samples, such as a set of calibrated layers of Si-SiO2.

Author: RICO GARCÍA JOSÉ MARIA.
Year: 2006.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS FÍSICAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS FÍSICAS.

Summary: Optical antennas are a new class of detectors operating in the infrared and visible, and, unlike the usual detectors, have a remarkable feature: the coupling of radiation to the detector and translation of the optical signal voltage is not they are carried out by a single element. In the first case, a metal structure flat, deposited on a substrate dielectric and size micrómetrico with features of the nano manufacturing acts as an antenna. Radiation induces an oscillating current in its entirety. These currents are revived by a diode or a microbolómetro built at the same time the antenna and nano-size, generating a continuous signal whose value is proportional to the incident field. The detector is timely and responsive to the state of polarization; angle and shows selectivity is potentially very fast. Moreover, there is no need to cool in the ER. This memory thesis develops experimental tools to characterize this detector in terms of its most important figures of merit (spatial response and sensitivity to the state of polarization) in the visible. On the other hand, proposes numerical tools semianalíticas and to understand the behavior of the same. To validate them, it has come to examples of literature known as crystals fotónicos two-dimensional. Finally, to be built a model of the detector to these tools of analysis in order to compare the theory with experimental measures.

Author: VÁZQUEZ MARTÍNEZ DANIEL.
Year: 2006.
University: SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA.
Place of defense: ESCOLA UNIVERSITARIA DE ÓPTICA E OPTOMETRÍA.
Place of preparation: FACULTADE DE FÍSICA.

Summary: The objective of this thesis is the theoretical formulation and implementation of a new experimental method for the reconstruction tomográfico gradient index crystalline rotacionalmente symmetrical, as human beings. The method set this up on the one hand an algorithm to reconstruct tomográfico said gradient from some experimental data and, secondly, the experimental technique used to collect experimental data, in this case deflectometría laser-beam or "Laser Scanning." The algorithm which is the core of this method of concepts of geometric and optical tomography and along the thesis shows how these concepts are interrelated to lead to the formulation of theoretical algorithm. In this regard, devotes a special effort to highlight the main differences and difficulties of this algorithm tomographic with respect to any other that could be applied previously in other fields, such as the Tomography Axial Computerizada. In chapters central thesis addresses each of these problems, explained the procedure followed in its decision. Once explained the theoretical formulation of the algorithm tomográfico are performed a series of numerical simulations with the aim of estimating the accuracy of the algorithm for different sources and magnitudes of error pilot previously commented. These numerical simulations concluded that the method can recover tomográfico under experimental conditions realistic gradients index cristalinianos with an average accuracy of the third decimal refractive index. The last part of the thesis is devoted to the implementation of the experimental method for rebuilding tomográfico gradients index fish and pigs with symmetries and variations of different index. Thus, in the first paragraph detailing all the proceedings and Experimental setup, in addition to the calibration, carried out before any action, and allows minimize know the magnitude of the experimental errors. Finally, it presents the resutlados obtained for the recovery of gradients index crystalline fish and pigs. With an average accuracy of the third decimal refractive index, these are the most accurate results obtained so far by any method of measurement gradient, as shown in the thesis of using ray tracing numerical gradients recovered. It also analyzes and discusses the assumption of rotational symmetry is considered over the life of the whole proposition, considering the magnitude of the error that resulted in this assumption gradient index and noting that does not affect the accuracy of measurements.