PHYSICAL OPTICS

Author: YONTE SANCHIDRIÁN TERESA.
Year: 2004.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID [www.ucm.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS FÍSICAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS FÍSICAS.

Summary: The starting point of this report is the fact, revealed recently by our group, that the transfer matrix of a multilayer transparent lie belongs to the group of SU (1.1). Under homomorfismo between SU (1.1) and the group of Lorentz transformations in two dimensions special SO (2.1) can establish a correspondence between the coefficients of reflection and transmission of the multilayer and parameters of a transformation Lorentz in special relativity. By projection esterográfica of hiperboloide two sheets associated with SO (2.1), we obtain the circle drive, which is the model of Poincaré hyperbolic geometry. Thus, the action of a transfer matrix is naturally interpreted as a bilinear transformation points between the circle drive. The value of the trace of the transfer matrix has allowed us to classify the group SU (1.1) in three different types of matrices, each with well-defined orbits in the circle drive. We have also conducted a physical interpretation of the action of each of these three types of arrays. The formalism described above provides a powerful new technique for studying systems newspapers. We have characterized three different types of behavior for the reflectance of these systems newspapers, linked to the value of the trace of the transfer matrix of the basic period. Expressions are obtained precise reflectance depending on the number of periods and establishing a new criterion for optimization. Finally, it has secured an alternative form of the transfer matrix to determine the reflectance of systems cuasiperiódicos type Fibonacci, depending on the design and antitraza of that matrix.

Author: Ibáñez López Cristina.
Year: 2005.
University: VALENCIA [www.uv.es].
Place of defense: Facultad de Física.
Place of preparation: Facultad de Física.

Summary: First analyzed in the framework of the scalar theory, the answer in a system focusing intensities, expressing the response along the optical axis as the one-dimensional Fourier transform of the function called projected pupil. Profits are defined in resolution to assess the effect of a filter that modifies the distribution of amplitudes of the exit pupil of an optical system. These gains are the design tool filters pupilares for customizing will Properties spot focus. After conducting a study of the properties of the systems by confocal absorption of a photon has obtained an analytical expression for axial and profit from it have been designed two families filter amplitude, with the ability to improve resolution 3D these systems: filters three rings and filters shutter partially cancel absorbent. These filters operate almost exclusively on the gain axial making the FHP confocal reduce its anisotropy. There have also been analyzed by scanning systems absorption of two photons, the filters designed previously adapted to this new geometry. As a particular case, this procedure applies to a system of two-color microscopy.

Author: Caballero Caballero Maria Teresa.
Year: 2005.
University: VALENCIA [www.uv.es].
Place of defense: Facultad de Física.
Place of preparation: Facultad de Física.

Summary: It has studied the targeting of polarized beams, as well as its application in scanning microscopy systems, and design techniques to improve the resolution capability of these systems. It begins with the theory of targeting beam through optical systems with symmetry of revolution, where paraxial and not paraxial, studying, in the latter, targeting both scalar, vector and as analyzing the importance of certain system parameters Optical, such as the opening and the number of numerical Fresnel. The high numerical openness that characterizes systems microscopy makes effects due to the state of polarization of the light can not be ignored in a rigorous study of the formation of images in them. As to the number of Fresnel discusses the dependence of the structure of the focal volume with that number, noting that the position of the aperture difractante is determinant in the value of that parameter, and therefore, the geometry of the focal volume. There is the phenomenon of a pilot with a device that can measure the positions of the minimum of irradianda axial and observe the loss of symmetry of the structure of the focal volume. Here are studying the formation of images on systems scanning microscopy, to analyze the cases in which works by fluorescence, both by one, as two photons, and the particular case of confocal microscopy 4Pi. To improve the performance of these systems, characterized by a unique capacity divided optical and high axial and transverse resolution, it is proposed the use of techniques consists of the response unit, which are of special interest because they can obtain significant improvements without making major changes in the structure of the microscope. On the one hand, they intend to different types of filters, binary amplitude and phase, as flitros bivaluados combined with the use of light poralizada radially. On the other hand, presents a technique consisting of the combination of images obtained by confocal system in which the beam from the sample focused on two different detectors.

Author: Suárez Álvarez Isaac.
Year: 2005.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID [www.uam.es].
Place of defense: Facultad de Ciencias.
Place of preparation: Facultad de Ciencias (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid).

Summary: Increasingly, in both telecommunications networks and in electronic circuits, are demanding higher performance in terms of factors such as bandwidth, or speed of information processing, for which the traditional electronics is limited. Therefore searching Photonics Technology to take the witness Electronics in tasks such as transmission and processing of information, since using photons instead of electrons can have an almost infinite bandwidth along with about response times lower than picoseconds. One of the branches of the Photonics who has contributed more to it is the Integrated Optics, which involves the manufacture of several optical devices in a small substrate, in the same way as it does with Microelectronics electronic devices. In turn, within the Integrated Optics, one of the devices is the most important modulator electroóptico, which allows information to transfer power to the optical domain. For the implementation of this device there are several solutions being the most efficient configuration based on an interferometer Mach-Zehnder integrated. On the other hand, there are several alternatives such as making material, of which niobato Lithium is one of the most frequently used. In manufacturing waveguides in LiNbO3, particularly interferometers Mach-Zehnder, there are several techniques in turn, proposed in this paper dissemination of zinc as an interesting technology for the manufacture of optical integrated circuits. Thus, the objective of this dissertation is to build interferometers Mach-Zehnder integrated into LiNbO3: Zn to operate as electro modulators. To do this, first began working with the study of waveguides flat (confining light in one dimension) using technology LiNbO3: Zn. Second went to work with guides acanaladas (confining light in two dimensions), starting with guides acanaladas straight and then curves to working with guides, such as unions and which are composed of the interferometers Mach-Zehnder . All these steps include the design, fabrication, characterization and modeling of optical devices. So, once this first part of the job was available interferometers Mach-Zehnder with low propagation loss and proper operation of the unions in Y. Here are deposited metal electrodes on the interferometers made with the goal of being able to control a phase shift effect electroóptico in the branches of the interferometer that at the outlet of becoming a amplitude modulation; ultimately to the IMZ manufactured work as modulators. This involves the design and simulation of the electrodes, the deposition on the interferometer, and finally the complete characterization of the device as modulator electroóptico integrated.