HISTORY OF COUNTRIES

Author: JIMENEZ DÍAZ M. JESÚS.
Year: 2003.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE GEOGRAFÍA E HISTORIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE GEOGRAFÍA E HISTORIA.

Summary: The Doctoral Thesis on the premise that the fabric and textile industry are cultural events that reflect the historical development, regional particularities and the vision of the world in general, the Andean societies of the past and present. It raises, from this, the importance of the study of the evidence that we have in our museums and collections, especially the pre-Hispanic and colonial, most of whom do not have a governing known. The importance of these studies collections in museums is parallel to the analysis of joint textile fabrics and tools from the archaeological record, and both are complementary in a clear way. So "recover the sense" many tissues and objects relates hosting our Museums and Collections and possible inclusion in the international scientific discussion and make them more aware of the general public. For all these reasons and to raise the comprehensive study of the Tissue Collection Prehispánicos and Colonial Museum of America in Madrid, along with a selection of tools and devices textile tamibén prehispanic this collection, offering a complete overview of world textile, from the beginning the manufacturing process until the end use of the garment fabric or an object in the context for which it was conceived. We followed a methodology designed ad hoc and has been tested previously by us with the analysis of archaeological sites. It contains the technical parameters and technological considerations along with the cosmetic appearance since all of them were as a whole means of expression for prehispánicas Andean societies. Be kind of analysis of the possibility to contextualize each fabric, textile implement or device in space and time (documentation) as a prelude to understanding within the cultural dynamics that pertenció. Likewise, we have implemented alternative models of interpretation that give us information on inter-ethnic relations, gender relations and reflects the world through textile structures. Overall, our study has revealed that tissues of the Museum of America in Madrid represent two areas of the Andes; Center and Center, with technical and stylistic differences, but that is based on a common substrate. These attachments and textile artifacts have completed the vision of the world Andean textiles, giving information on the importance of technological process as a means of expression in these societies and the role it played in tissue such important events as death. Finally, the detailed analysis and classification reasoned each of the pieces of the shows are offered in a catalog that provides access to the collection and understanding the total specialists and the general public.

Author: SANCHEZ MUNEGUÍA VICENTE.
Year: 2003.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.
Place of defense: FACULTAD GEOGRAFIA E HISTORIA.
Place of preparation: FAC.GEOGRAFÍA E HISTORIA.

Summary: The thesis deals with the study of the relationship between the Mexican state cozy rendezvous) group of businessmen based in the city of Monterrey (north of Mexico) for the period 1970-1990, characterized by the recurrence of conflicts between the two. The purpose is to show the role this core business played in the process of political change that the country has experienced, albeit gradually, assuming positions tip.o more radical in their claims against the State, which questioned in a systematic way the authoritarian nature of the political regime. The hypothesis states that labor conflicts between the business group and the State during the period under review, originated in the active opposition of employers to the idea of further state interventionism to the depletion of the policy based on replacement imports. The prominent role of these employers with a history of some autonomy versus public power and a kind of liberal ideology, became more evident in their decision to break the unwritten pact which imposed abstention to entrepreneurs to participate Ien activity policy directly. In this way, as opposed to the government's decision to deepen the involvement of the state in economic activity, and even to nationalize (estatizar) sectors of the economy as defined strategic Monterrey businessmen decided to join political parties and take them platforms for his political activism in favor of changing the political regime. The strategic factor that explains the level of influence of this group of entrepreneurs, was its economic weight, which had exercised control over certain sectors of the economy, but above all, have become aware of their own national implementation as investors, leaving behind as a regional business that has operated as part of its identity as a group.

Author: PELUDO GÓMEZ M. ROSARIO.
Year: 2003.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.
Place of preparation: FAC. DE GEOMETRÍA E HISTORIA.

Summary: With this thesis is to discuss how the processes compared to build national identities conducted in Mexico and in Spain between 1875 and 1910. The aim is to understand how two states weak and characterized by strong cultural heterogeneity build their national identities. The question that has given rise to the investigation is  what factors may affect the entrenchment of a common national identity for all citizens of the same State? It is expected to show that nationalism is one of the strongest arms of power, the Spaniards, proud and confident in the existence of the nation, were unable to overcome some nationalist myths and exclusive retrospective and forget the "glorious" past to think in the future, and that Mexicans, unlike the Spanish, to be aware of his youth as a nation, deployed its limited means and all its prolix rhetoric to develop a discruso nationalist as attractive as effective in disguising a reality unjust and characterized by the weight of the most entrenched racial prejudices. To demonstrate how critical features of speeches nationalists sustained from the state and political nacionalizadoras it combines two approaches over the job. As part of the first chapter and the first part of the thesis discusses how the State responded to the need for an education system and what were the regular budgets nationalists accompanying explanations of the nation's history in schools. In segundaparte alternates studying proposals for the municipalities of the two capitals to celebrate the national holidays of May 2 in Spain and September 16 in Mexico, with the messages exposed publicly in connection with these celebrations. The first chapter serves as a general introduction to the period. The first part consists of five chapters. The first of these (Chapter II) purports to be a kind of introduction to the rest, a state of affairs about the writers and readers of the national history that we can give the extent to proximada what could be the impact of the messages exposed in the history books to be used in schools. Section III deals with importanica placed the origin of how remote that time, unknown, was the starting point to confirm the civilized nature of the two peoples, their capaciedad to live up to the more developed countries. In Chapter IV discusses how the time smás Highlights in history turned into an excuse to explain what the success. While these two chapters respond to a chronological order (beginning with prehistory and continues with the successive ages up to the recent past in the nineteenth century), the following addresses two of the most recurrent themes in all works: justification of the form of state governing in both countries (Chapter V) and delimitaicón of external and internal enemies of the motherland (Chapter VI). The second part is approached from a different perspective. The first highlights the discourse analysis; in the second, however, the fundamental interest is in politics nacionalizadora of both municipalities, in actions undertaken to ensure that all residents of the city to participate in the celebration.

Author: KARAGEORGOS ILÍAS.
Year: 2004.
University: OVIEDO.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE FILOLOGÍA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE FILOLOGÍA.

Summary: In this thesis aims to obtain an overall picture of life in Mount Atos during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. This has focused attention on an ad hoc basis in historical events, in the administrative institutions atonitas, in the pursuit of religious and spiritual people of Atos, and finally, Atos's relations with the Patriarchate of Constantinople. It has been analyzed in a systematic way the situation that affected the monastic system of Atos and the role they played their monasteries in the transition period that extends from the last years of the Byzantine era to the first century of Ottoman domination (in the mid fourteenth century the XVI). The study of the subject has been done through reading and interpretation of textual sources, mostly edited, but have been considered unpublished documents, deposited in the archives monasteriales of Atos. Similarly, it has been used numerous testimonies peers at this time and abundant secondary information on the topics covered.

Author: BARCLAY REY DE CASTRO FREDERICA.
Year: 2004.
University: BARCELONA.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE GEOGRAFÍA E HISTORIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE GEOGRAFÍA E HISTORIA.

Summary: The thesis deals with analyzing the relationship and political strategies of the elite gomera of Loreto with the Peruvian political class from the event of the proclamation federal Loreto occurred in 1896. Through them discusses the genesis of this elite and the emergence of their approaches autonomy in the face of centralist policies and the contents of federalism rooted positivist behind its promoters. The international geopolitical context, the political situation and the national media campaign around the proclamation are the elements through which contextúa response in due course to the federal proclamation.

Author: VIDAL RODRÍGUEZ JOSÉ.
Year: 2004.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE GEOGRAFÍA E HISTORIA.
Place of preparation: UNIV. COMPLUTENSE . DTO. HISTORIA DE AMÉRICA I.

Summary: The research aims to study the collective immigrant galician in Cuba since the ocupaciónn American in 1899 at the triumph of the Revolution in 1959, from documentary sources and statistical series Cuban and Spanish, and preferably of the press in Cuba and Galician the testimonies of life for 145 elderly residents on the island Galicians, recorded between 1987 and 2000. Effective treatment of these varied sources historical and sociological has attempted to identify the causes that led to migrate thousands of Galicians towards Cuba during the first half of the twentieth century, the main routes migratory patterns of settlement and employability and social patterns and reconstruction of their identity home in exile: the establishment of borders, associations and ethnic enclaves, and political mobilization. Structure theme: The thesis is divided into 5 thematic blocks: 1Â fourth deals with the transatlantic Galician emigration during the mass migration: stages, causes, profile of migrants, major flows and galician destinations and the debate on migration. The 2Â fourth synthesizes law and the Spanish emigration policies inmmigración Cuban, and analyzes the different flows regional Spaniards and differential settlement on the island. The 3Âş deals contingent Galicians toward Cuba, the causes and reasons for this migration process and the different models of migratory pathways. The 4Â eighth, the largest is devoted to patterns of employment, migration channels and networks and the major enclaves and industrial niches Galicians on the island. The 5Â fourth is dedicated to the process of construction of collective identity through ethnic associations and their integration process in Cuban society through their participation in the trade union movement and political development of the island.

Author: SANTAMARINA NOVILLO CARLOS.
Year: 2005.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE GEOGRAFÍA E HISTORIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE GEOGRAFIA E HISTORIA.

Summary: This paper part of a theoretical consideration of political domination in pre-industrial societies to approach the analysis of the Aztec culture. Part One is devoted to the analysis of the system of domination Aztec, primarily from our knowledge of Mexica Empire, trying to develop a model Aztec empire. Special interest is given to the call that political postconquista: the strategies used by the victors after the submission of a altepetl to articulate its local unit of the empire. One of the main thesis of this paper is to dispel the widespread generalization that after the war, the center passed retained its tlatoani. Fundamentals our claim on an analysis of the context in which novohispano surge, in addition to reviewing a large number of cases documented in our sources. Part Two of our work, having a chapter devoted to the problem of critical sources, is dedicated to the Empire Tepaneca. We face a double problem: we have very little information, and we have shown a strong influence of propaganda mexica, antitepaneca. One of our main contributions will try to resituar Empire Tepaneca in its historical context, disproving where necessary misrepresentations of the official history generated by the Triple Alliance. After devoting chapters to characterize the culture tepaneca as one of the main groups Nahua or Aztecs, and to examine the background of the era of expansion in Azcapotzalco, devote four chapters to elucidate the extension of the Empire Tepaneca. First look at the lists of early gains in Mexico, under the belief that describe conquests tepanecas. After critically analyze the available data regarding the expansion tapaneca areas goegráficas, stopping in the case mexia, Cuauhtilan in Chalco, Cuauhnahuac, Cuauhatichan and Acolhuacan. Our research concludes place all these areas under the domain hegemonic tepaneca. We devote the final chapter to rebuild, based on a critical analysis of our sources, the internal upheaval that ended with the Empire Tepance, focusing on the murders of the lords Tenochtilan, Tlatelolco and Cuauhtitlan, our reconstruction victims os rebels. The conclusions include a map of the Empire Tepaneca at the time of its maximum expansion.

Author: Gorriz Abella Jaume.
Year: 2005.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA.
Place of defense: Facultat de Lletres.
Place of preparation: Escola de Postgrau.

Summary: Follows side of the first circumnavigation of the globe completed by Juan Sebastian del Cano in 1522, the passage of the expedition magallánica island by the group that emerges to North Moluccas led to the discovery of a new arena for European expansion, that the issuance of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi finally opened in 1565 with the founding of the first Hispanic establishment in Cebu, starting in the conquest of the lands that were to constitute Philippines. In this context, the reconstruction of the cultures of Archipelago in the critical period prior to the transformation that led to the Spanish conquest, central aim of the thesis, it depends on the information provided by the earliest colonial chronicles, documentation in English, is the only recourse available to the history of the sixteenth century, in the absence of local sources, despite the invaluable bias that stems from the unique perspective of the conqueror. To order somewhat multiple ethnic and lingüstica existing in the first place should be classified into four major groups, the mosaic of cultures that characterized the so-called archipelago of St. Lazarus as the expression coined by Magalhà £ is in 1521. First order of antigà ¼ age, aytas representing the descendants of the first human settlers, who had arrived in the archipelago by land before the sea level rise which followed the last ice age, more than 20,000 years. Although different communities did not form a homogeneous, ethnic characteristics, lingüsticos and cultural rights, the economy of hunting and harvesting among them, marked profound differences with the other villagers. The Muslim groups in Mindanao, Sulu, Palawan and southwestern Luzon part of the Moluccas along with a commercial network dominated by the sultanate of Brunei, talasocracia based on the northern coast of Borneo. The Spanish conquest undertaken in 1565 led to a new clash between the two great monotheistic religions, epilogue of mourning sustained in the Iberian peninsula until 1492, giving the administration Hispanic eradicate the influence of Islam in Luzon, where impregnation was still epidermal while in Mindanao and Sulu, where there were more deeply rooted, still represents the banner of the opposition since fighting tenaciously political and ideological hegemony of successive governments installed in Manila. Thirdly, the language visaya represents the common bond of people who filled the lowlands of the archipelago namesake, central part of the Philippines among the major islands of Luzon and Mindanao. As in ancient Greece, a common culture scene in a politically fragmented characterized the human geography in a natural environment and abrupt cut. Except groups in Mindanao, linked to Brunei, the other monarchies and confederations visayas not dependent on foreign powers at the time of the Spanish conquest. Ultimately, the people who attach no need to classify any of the three preceding paragraphs in a room, catch-of cultures and nations formed by excluding precedents, ie ethnic Malay who did not maintain stable ties with the sultanate of Brunei or fall under lingüstico visaya, located in Luzon, Mindanao and Panay. In northern Luzon may distinguish those who lived in the interior mountains, such as the Igorot of the coastal including the Ilocanos. While both share the Malay origin, the former descended from a wave of migration previous datada between the second century BC and I later.

Author: ALMOHACID ZAPATA FABIÁN PATRICIO.
Year: 2005.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE GEOGRAFÍA E HISTORIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE GEOGRAFÍA E HISTORIA - UNIV. COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.

Summary: The thesis deals with the Chilean agriculture in the first half of the twentieth century. In the early decades of the century, central Chile was the main agricultural area, while the south is experiencing a land expansion, increasing its weight in domestic production. Since the crisis in the thirties, agriculture became primarily on supplying the needs of the domestic market. The state intervention in the economy is conducive to the industrialization and discriminates agriculture. Agricultural production in its essential items (wheat and beef) move in a long-term process, to the south, the center and lose weight. Agriculture grows slowly, lacking incentives, and expresses a poor economic performance that will worsen. Many blame it for landowners and technical backwardness of agriculture. We reject explanations on the traditional agricultural stagnation. Without ignoring the shortcomings of agriculture, we believe that the roots of them were in the state industrial policy and discrimination against agriculture. However, this requires other elements to be a complete explanation. We hold that to understand the agricultural performance in the period 1910-1960, and particularly the shortcomings of the agricultural sector since the thirties, we should consider an element that has been absent, or underestimated, in the explanations given at the time and in subsequent literature, namely, the regional factor. Not fully understand what happened with domestic agriculture if you forget the geography of agricultural production, namely that over the period studied the main items of her move from the center to the south of the country. Thus, the problems of agriculture were increasingly problems during those years in southern Chile. Similarly, the discrimination against agriculture than the whole industry was against the interests of the south. It was the agriculture of this area which paid the highest price for the neglect of the sector. So it becomes more understandable, that the State has been able to relegate agriculture to a secondary position, that intervention in agricultural prices has been staying at the time, that investment and the national infrastructure have been scarce. We propose that the state policy was part of a centralized political and economic structure. What was inefficient in terms of sectors, was efficient for the centralized production structure. The low prices of agricultural products from the south to the big cities benefiting from the center. Deficiencies in livestock production, whose upbringing was in the south, favored farmers engorderos center and importers of Argentine cattle, buying cheap and selling dear. Thus, the State represented well the interests agricultural, commercial, industrial and financial center of the country. The landowners own the center, closely related, or what they were, with industrial, traders, bankers, etc., were favored by the policy discriminated against southern agriculture. The south, poorly represented and heard in the State, particularly in the government and state agencies, reacting against this form associations and agricultural and regional political parties. There is nothing in front of government policies and resists discrimination livestock. However, while doing to voice their complaints, their action produces only minor changes in government policies.

Author: CRUZ PAZOS PATRICIA.
Year: 2006.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE GEOGRAFÍA E HISTORIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE GEOGRAFÍA E HISTORIA. UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.

Summary: This research is a comprehensive study of the nobility of indigenous header republic Tepexi de la Seda (Puebla) and its 31 villages subjects, between the years 1700 and 1786, which aims to contribute to the general knowledge of this group social development in the Viceroyalty of New Spain. One premise permeates the entire book: the nobility indigenous developed a range of strategies to perpetuate their social position of dominance. In this sense, our interest has been focused on determining what they were and, most importantly, if they could achieve its goals or not. One aspect that we have addressed from different perspectives: family and social relations, heritage and participation in various areas of the colonial administration. But that, however, try to come to the same thing: the use of power and spin.