APPLIED LINGUISTICS (2)

Author: IRUELA GUERRERO AGUSTÍN.
Year: 2004.
University: BARCELONA [www.ub.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE PEDAGOGÍA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE PEDAGOGÍA.

Summary: The overall objective of this thesis is to establish a theoretical framework for the acquisition, learning and teaching pronunciation in L2. To achieve perform work that had not been done before because there are not works that have been analyzed and studied the acquisition and teaching of pronunciation of a comprehensive and profound. The first section defines the place of pronunciation in communicative competence. It also identifies the relationship pronunciation with other systems lingüsticos. In this way, one can understand the location of the pronunciation system lingüstico and appreciate in their just half that have relevance and communicative competence in the use of language. The second section provides an overview as complete as possible of the various proposals that have been made on how to acquire phonic competition in foreign languages. It is organized into two parts. The first contains proposals that have most influenced the theory and research. The second part contains a review of the individual factors that influence the acquisition of competition phonic. The third section discusses a depth of the circumstances bearing on the teaching of pronunciation, with the aim of establishing a theory for a specific didactic. The basic thrust is applied to the teaching of pronunciation vision that nowadays there is the language and learning. It consists of two parts: The first part contains criteria for the teaching of pronunciation in a modern teaching methods. Contains ideas and thoughts on teaching the principles that influence the teaching of pronunciation. This contribution can be used for subsequent work to develop a teaching pronunciation. The second part contains an extensive portfolio of activities and classroom techniques exemplified. The purpose is to provide a useful reference work, and full professors and creators of educational materials.

Author: IGLESIAS IGLESIAS NELY MILAGROS.
Year: 2004.
University: SALAMANCA [www.usal.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE FILOLOGIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE FILOLOGIA.

Summary: This paper discusses the treatment lexicográfico two dictionaries bilingà ¼ is (German-Spanish) conducted a total of 652 units fraseológicas in German. The objective of this research is to evaluate the implications for the teaching of German as a foreign language treatment that the dictionaries make these units lexicográficas, which have only been studied in the direction foreign language (German) - mother tongue (Spanish ). Studies lexicográficos, fraseológicos and fraseográficos latest form the theoretical framework, from which it is carrying out a detailed analysis of the corpus phrase in the three structural levels inherent in any dictionary: the plane hiperestructural, the plane macroestructural and microstructural level. In order to evaluate the two dictionaries bilingà ¼ is in terms of comparability in the treatment infralemático of units belonging to the body, is given special consideration of its domestic and its canonical form, and their presentation of the equivalent of a kind of mark used, and as examples of the usage included. Finally, we relate the results obtained in the analysis of the two dictionaries with the use of the dictionary bilingà ¼ and in the classrooms of German as a foreign language. It can be stated in a general way that, in the case of dictionaries bilingà ¼ is analyzed in this paper, and bearing in mind that the treatment is done in units fraseológicas in them, trainees only come to be able to use in an appropriate way in real situations information obtained as a result of their search in the dictionary if you previously have knowledge of the fact that the search in question refers to a unit of combination fixed and not free, in addition to knowledge of the patterns of use that characterized.

Author: JODAR BONILLA OSCAR DE.
Year: 2005.
University: MURCIA [www.um.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE LETRAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE LETRAS.

Summary: The last two decades have seen a renewed interest in the teaching of pronunciation, which has coincided with a process of reforms in secondary education in Spain, which would allow implementation of innovative approaches in which attention to communicative approach in teaching language would give the pronunciation of the importance it deserves. This momentum needs reformer against possible developments with the reality of the classroom through applied research to the teaching-learning process in the course of English as a foreign language. Therefore, we consider it necessary to conduct an experiment as that presented in this thesis as a contribution to the renewal of the curriculum at this materia.Dicho experiment seeks to establish the possible existence of a relationship between the teaching of pronunciation and the acquisition of the global language English. This followed an alternative treatment of phonological component to a group of students 2Â fourth Baccalaureate, while another group followed a traditional treatment without explicit instruction in this component. The initial competition of the two groups in English, as well as his mastery of English pronunciation, was measured by examining standardized Preliminary English Test and a test specific phonological component, designed by the researcher. At the end of treatment were again measured variables mastery of the English language and forwarded the data set to statistical treatment, which revealed the alternative hypothesis: the treatment of novel pronunciation has influence on the global competition in language English.

Author: ELORZA AMOROS IZASKUN.
Year: 2005.
University: SALAMANCA [www.usal.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE FILOLOGIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE FILOLOGIA.

Summary: We have studied the usefulness of the activities of translation in the teaching and learning of English for Specific Purposes from a theoretical perspective, which would have set up two goals. First, establish a comprehensive theoretical framework capable of supporting the various arguments about the educational value of the translation. Second, implement such a framework to investigate the didactic function of translation in a particular case. To achieve the first objective, it has adopted an interdisciplinary approach and has proposed a comprehensive taxonomy of teaching of translation. Then, this framework has been applied to investigate the didactic function of the translation to achieve educational goals type of attitude where the activities are used for translation formative assessment. In this case, it has revealed a methodological difficulty. As a tool for collecting data to assess learning, the translations can only provide information indirectly evaluated when the educational objectives are different from the competition involving transfer. This difficulty has been overcome by designing an additional tool for collecting data that consists of a self-assessment questionnaire open and open a compilation of variations that effect can be identified between the translated text and the corresponding original text. As for the taxonomy of teaching positions, it is concluded that the activities of translation show a variety of teaching potential for learning languages. In connection with the theoretical functionality of the translation to achieve educational goals-type attitude when translation activities are used for self-assessment and formative assessment, we conclude that the activities of translation can facilitate the achievement of this purpose at least in relation to the objectives of attitudinal high levels, although there is a need for more experimental research.

Author: CUEVAS CERVERO AURORA.
Year: 2005.
University: CARLOS III DE MADRID [www.uc3m.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE HUMANIDADES.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD CARLOS III DE MADRID.

Summary: It begins by analyzing the concept of Information Technologies and Communication Education, the opportunities for learning, ways of knowing and epistemological response to these factors. It examines the conceptual development of teaching materials from the textbook to use electronic document and spaces educational information on the Internet. It discusses the theoretical bases of the Literacy Information technology and its implications and documentaries, especially in relation to the submission of the documentation Education. It examines the current state of the School Library in Spain, and, once detected its poor situation, designing a new model for School Library, closest to the needs arising from the current Knowledge Society: the Resource Center for Learning (CRA). Finally, we propose a model in Information Literacy aimed at encouraging the promotion of reading in the CRA to provide the educational community information to enhance skills in the acquisition of knowledge, content production, the optimal use of resources and technology the enjoyment staff. KEYWORDS: Information Literacy, School Library. Resource Center for Learning School. Education.

Author: CABREJAS PEÑUELAS ANA BELÉN.
Year: 2005.
University: VALENCIA [www.uv.es].
Place of defense: Facultat de Filologia.
Place of preparation: FACULTAT DE FILOLOGIA.

Summary: The aim of the investigation is to portray a composite picture of the expert and novice native and non-native writers' composing and revising processes as the wrote an argumentative essays in English. Analyses of the experienced and novice writers' revision processes served to answer four main question posed at the beginning of the experimental study: 1. When did revision occur duringt the composing process? 2. Were there any similarities and differences in the categories of revision the subjects employed? 3. Were there any similarities and differences in the techniques the subjects employed? and 4. Were there any similarities and differences in the purpose of the subjects' revisions? the results indicate that the experienced and novice native and non-native writers in this study made changes in the first an second writing sessions, in the four writing cycles, and in the combinations predraft/first draft and final draft/final draft, although they revised to different extends. Both writer groups coincided in their preference for the word level overt the surface, phrase, clause, sentence, paragrapf and global levels. The experienced subjects, however, revised at the higher discourse levels more often than the novice writers did. No important differences were concluded between both writer types in the techiniques used for revising. Per porposes of revision, both the expert and novice writers revised with an informational purpose in mind, although they differed in their preference for the rest of purpose of revision: while the expert writers made higher proportions of meaning revisions, the novice showed a tendency for formal changes. Further similarities and differences were recorded between the expert native and non-ntiva writers and between the novice nativa and non-native writers.

Author: Fraile Vicente Ma. Esther.
Year: 2005.
University: VALLADOLID [www.uva.es].
Place of defense: Facultad de Traducción e Interpretación de Soria.
Place of preparation: Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de Valladolid.

Summary: Unlike other languages specialty, the economic discourse shows a high degree of emotional meaning, abstract processes like idiomaticidad and metaphor, leading to the high number of idiomatic expressions in it. If resources lexicográficos want to respond to the needs of users as translators, should improve its treatment of these units fraseológicas, basing their posts on the conceptual structure of the economy. I describe the hybrid nature of business English, blending technical terms and vocabulary general terms semitécnicos: lexical units of the common language or related disciplines to the economy, which suffered a specialization of metaphorical meaning, which is to explain economic abstract notions with concrete images. It summarizes two groups of conceptual metaphors that can be used to describe the conceptual structure of the economy and the significance of its idioms, in both English and Spanish. The economy, which is easier to handle, is described with metaphors animated family, while the market movements are identified with inanimate images because beyond human control. These basic metaphors are motivated by traditional symbols, as they relate to a few widely accepted semantic categories (tools, machines, liquid human body, daily life, animals, plants, colors, medicine, war, sports, games). Study treatment 7 idioms of the economy, which is based on the conceptual metaphors earlier in dictionaries (39) and glossaries (17), and expertise in paper and digital format, to discover its limitations lexicográficas. The results of a test of economic translation of a text, I need to show the close relationship between these deficiencies in the types of information contained in the works lexicográficas and the typical errors committed by inexperienced translators. Finally, developing a proposal for better treatment lexicográfico the idioms of the economy from a perspective traductológica. I recommend the use of a Database Terminological based on Knowledge, with different interconnected modules (ontology and terminology database), which provide sufficient information conceptual and lingüstica to be able to translate these idioms correctly. I suggest that the ontology should extend relations with lexical complex, to include conceptual metaphors as nodes in the conceptual structure of the economy, and use them to predict the figurative meaning of idioms of that area so semiautomatic. It also indicates how it can expand the entry of the lexicographical terminology database with some level of ISO data suitable for the treatment of phraseology specialist.

Author: SANCHEZ POSTIGO FERNANDO.
Year: 2005.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID [www.ucm.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD CIENCIAS DE LA INFORMACIÓN.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA INFORMACIÓN.

Summary: This thesis explores the history of the Club Atletico Madrid terms histórico-documental. It builds on the biography of the club based in Madrid sporting existing documentation on the subject. We know the history of At. Madrid through the various sources of information consulted. On the methodological point is the purpose, objectives, the sources and methods thesis also addresses the documentation sports both in concept and in its scope: Finally, he examines the evolution of sports journalism Spanish since the late nineteenth century. Then, detailing the history of the Club At. Madrid. Football occupies the central part of the investigation, while the 19 sports sections colchoneras also deserve a dignified treatment. The thesis complete with a chapter devoted to the statistical At. Madrid and the Spanish football, in Europe and worldwide. Ultimately, this thesis is an essential reference guide on the history of At. Madrid by its academic rigor and documentary. Also, is a model for any research that addresses the history of a club.

Author: MOLINA GARCÍA DANIEL.
Year: 2005.
University: MÁLAGA [www.uma.es].
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD DE MÁLAGA.

Summary: Our research has focused on the triangular relationship between lexicography, pedagogy and phraseology. For this reason, each of the chapters that make up this thesis have been present these three concepts in some form or another: * In Chapter 1 has been dealt with the relationship between pedagogy and lexicography, both to analyze the ideas of the architects of "lexicographical revolution" as to insist on the fact of the enormous potential that has a pedagogical dictionary, and to study the relationship between dictionary and apprentice, on the one hand, and dictionary and professor on the other. * Chapter 2 has been devoted to lexicography bilingà ¼ and because of the importance in this work are the relationships interlingüsticas level phrase. * Chapter 3 has taken as the key to the phraseology, bringing it into contact with the lexicography. In particular he studied how the fundamental characteristics of the unit Fraseológica (UF) are reflected in lexicography bilingà ¼ e. * In Chapter 4 we have emphasized the advantages offered by UF as a unit for teaching L2, ie, we have established the connection between pedagogy and phraseology. In this chapter we have devoted considerable space to ways of presenting the UF to apprentice and exploitation of the same teacher. * In Chapter 5 liaises the three disciplines materialize in the study Dictionary Fraseológio (DFR) (built, of course, from an educational perspective). We studied in detail the macro and micro components of DFR monolingà ¼ both and as the DFR bilingà ¼ e. Once the pedagogical potential of UF in the previous chapter, we do so with the DFR as a carrier of these lexical units. Likewise, studying the advantages apply the principles of conceptual classification to the DFR. This involves an analysis of the semantic fields lexicographical its manifestation: the dictionary onmasiológico. Finally, we launched a proposal for the classification of UF organization on the basis of the conceptual level bilingà ¼ e. Todo el camino en nuestra investigación nos lleva a la demostración de la necesidad de una clasificación conceptual para la UF de dos lenguas, no sólo por sus ventajas pedagógicas, sino por ser un pilar básico para la elaboración de las equivalencias correctas en cualquier obra lexicográfica bilingüe (DB general and DFRB) and for adequate cohesion of the information at macroestructural.

Author: BAUTISTA RUIZ HILARIO JESÚS.
Year: 2005.
University: MÁLAGA [www.uma.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE FILOSOFÍA Y LETRAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE FILOSOFÍA Y LETRAS - UNIVERSIDAD DE MÁLAGA.

Summary: The Doctoral Thesis presented here is the core critical edition, translated into Spanish and commentary on the Treasures of Antiochus Athens (Caps. 0-53), one of the astrologers Greeks more representative of his time, the second century AD, and that, unfortunately, we lack a critical edition. Along with Astrology, this work has used purely philological disciplines such as Textual Criticism and Paleography Greek, which is so important in our field of study and so sadly neglected in our country. In addition to the critical edition of this work, revision significantly improved the existing F. Boll (1898), appears here for the first time a full translation into Spanish and a review histórico-científico text. Finally, it includes a thorough study of pre tradition handwritten, as well as several appendices textual notably, the first edition absolute Epítome lla, a rewrite of the Treasures of Antiochus developed in the late S. XIV.

Author: DOMÉNECH BAGARIA ONA.
Year: 2005.
University: POMPEU FABRA [www.upf.edu].
Place of defense: INSTITUTO UNIVERSITARIO DE LINGÒÍSTICA APLICADA.
Place of preparation: INSTITUTO UNIVERSITARIO DE LINGÒÍSTICA APLICADA.

Summary: This thesis aims to contribute to the delineation of the level of a specialized text on the basis of quantitative analysis of the language it contains, with the will on the one hand, contribute to the study and characterization of the text from a specialist perspective lingüstica, and on the other , to propose a way that allows the determination of a parameter objectivize, valid for a text discriminate depending on the level of specialization which introduced with the aim of helping to lay the groundwork for future systems automatic detection of the level of expertise of a text . In line with this objective, the thesis provides a critical review of the different approaches lingüsticas the concept of specialized text, and the consideration of vertical variation in production specialist and proposes the use of a statistical measure of diversity (Shannon-Weaver index ) to obtain a parameter related to the diversity teminológica capable of discriminating texts depending on the level of expertise offered.

Author: CASADO ANTONIAZZI MARIA INÉS.
Year: 2005.
University: NACIONAL DE EDUCACIÓN A DISTANCIA [www.uned.es].
Place of defense: FILOLOGÍA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE FILOLOGÍA (UNED).

Summary: The verbs of motion showing physical displacement are the subject of this thesis. The analysis is based on the same number of points: 1-They in itself, without having to complete the motion event of Talmy, carry the intrinsic motion in nature. Similarly, the Dynamic Force Talmy, applies the movement itself without the need to analyze the entire event. This lexical richness is reflected in other non-existence of synonyms. There are nuances of meaning that makes verbs that dictionaries give as synonyms really not sena. Verbs as totter, doddle, stagger or stumble have different semantic components. This intuitive knowledge to the locals, and generally unknown to non-natives, it is necessary both for teachers and for students. On the one hand, teachers will feel more comfortable teaching verbs. On the other hand, students can dramatically improve their vocabulary, using a greater variety of verbs and knowing the differences between them. The study is based on the cognitive theory of Langcker and Talmy, mainly, and using as one of the basic books to Lexicon of Constructing Englisch Verbs, Faber and Mairal. First elected Project Gutenberg, starting by Michael Hart in 1971, 335 fairy tales and a software-Simple Concordance Program, Alan Reed, to establish matches. Of all the verbs of all stories drawn a list of key and they were removed matches. These allow analyze verbs in context. While the party was not syntactic purpose of this thesis, it is clear that the matches are a very useful tool for this. In the semantic field, matches also, by repeating the word over and over again, when there are many examples, facilitates automatic learning. As didactic aspect to highlight is used animations, animated gifs, simulations, trailers, music videos and photos or images, material very useful to facilitate the development of concepts.

Author: FULLANA RIVERA NATALIA.
Year: 2005.
University: BARCELONA [www.ub.es].
Place of defense: UNIVERSITAT DE BARCELONA.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSITAT DE BARCELONA.

Summary: This paper aims to contribute to the results so fresh and minor amount of studies investigating the effects of age start learning a second language (L2) in a context of formal learning. To that end, we examined the perception and production of sounds of the English language by native speakers of Spanish and Catalan, who differed mainly in the age of onset of learning English as a foreign language (LS) (8, 11, 14 and after 18 years) and the amount of exposure to the formal LE (200, 416 and 726 hours). In addition, two other variables were studied and their effects on the perception and production of English sounds: dominance in the L1 (speaker dominant in Spanish or Catalan, or bilingà ¼ and balanced in Spanish and Catalan) and gender. It should be noted that the participants in this research (as in the draft which were selected BAF) only received formal presentation to the LE through their schooling. Based on the results, one can conclude that in a context of formal learning (and school), the age of onset of the learning LE 8 years, compared to the age of onset of 11, 14 and 18 + years, entail a more accurate perception of sounds Englishmen in the long run. However, the effect of age of onset in the production of sounds English is still inconclusive, according to data analyzed in this paper. In the same way, the effect on the amount of exposure to LE was inconclusive with regard to the collection and production of English sounds. On the contrary, one can establish a more robust conclusion regarding the effects of L1. Specifically, the dominance in Spanish or Catalan has no appreciable influence on the perception and production of English sounds. Moreover, in a context of formal learning there is an advantage of female apprentices in the production of (imitation) sounds English, but not in its perception. Finally, mention that the effects of age of onset observed my short-medium term and long term (in the design of this investigaicón) provide very valuable for characterizing the rate of acquisition of skills and perceptive production of sounds by Englishmen native speakers of Spanish and Catalan.

Author: EGUIGUREN BASTIDA IZARO.
Year: 2005.
University: PAÍS VASCO [www.ehu.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE FILOLOGÍA.
Place of preparation: UPV GASTEIZ (FACULTAD FILOLOGÍA).

Summary: In this investigation we have analyzed the competition in Basque, Spanish and English subjects that are taught plurilingà ¼ e. We want to know whether the early introduction of the foreign language influences the powers of the three languages, and if anything analyze the type of influence. On the one hand we have analyzed the effect of age of onset in the learning of English on the tongue, and the other is the effect of age of onset in the learning of English on the tongue, and the other is the effect of age of onset in English on the Basque and Spanish. Being a situation multilingà ¼ ism, we have also discussed the relations between the three languages. Finally, we analyzed the influence of individual and contextual factors in the acquisition of the three languages. According to the results, which were early teaching of English not get better scores than those receiving education in a manner later. The difference between the groups was not significant. Moreover, the early introduction of English has not been detrimental to the powers in Basque and Spanish, and has had a positive impact on the ability to write in both languages.

Author: ZELAIETA ANTA EDUARDO.
Year: 2005.
University: PAÍS VASCO [www.ehu.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE FILOLOGÍA, GEOGRAFÍA E HISTORIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE FILOLOGÍA, GEOGRAFÍA E HISTORIA.

Summary: We entered northern Navarre, following the route that makes the river Baztán-Bidasoa to study thoroughly the talk of Basque towns and valleys that make up this area. In this sense, therefore, we can say that our main objective was to conduct an analysis of dialectológico languages of the region Baztán-Bidasoa. For this task, we used a methodology contrastive enabling us to compare the talk of Baztán-Bidasoa with each other, but also compare the Basque of Baztán-Bidasoa with Basque delas areas and counties bordering it. In short, rather than pure description languages to analyze, we have focused on the comparison, classification and location of the talk that we have tried in this dissertation. We believe that being a working investigaicón on dialectology, the really interesting is the comparison of the characteristics lingüsticas through geography, with the intention to accurately determine the geographical extent of the Basque you traits of the region under study. To make this work, we have come peoples and valleys that make up the region's river Baztán-Bidasoa in Navarre, namely Valley Baztán, Bertizarna, Malerreka, Sunbilla and Bortzerriak-Cinco Villas. We believe, but the same humility that enthusiasm, that this study dialectológico pose a major step for Dialectology Basque, in Navarre in particular and the whole country in general. Since, adding efforts and the efforts and results of research that have come to light in recent years, this study dialectológico the county Baztán-Bidasoa intended as a key piece from among all the pieces, to confirm and ratifying the map of the Basque dialects.

Author: FIGUEIREDO CAMPOS VIVINA.
Year: 2005.
University: VIGO [www.uvigo.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE FILOLOXÍA E TRADUCIÓN.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE FILOLOXÍA E TRADUCIÓN.

Author: CABRAL ARMANDA MARIA.
Year: 2005.
University: EXTREMADURA [www.unex.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CC. ECONÓMICAS Y EMPRESARIALES.

Author: COSME DE SOUSA JORGE ALBERTO.
Year: 2005.
University: EXTREMADURA [www.unex.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE BIBLIOTECONOMÍA Y DOCUMENTACIÓN.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE BIBLIOTECONOMÍA Y DOCUMENTACIÓN.

Summary: In this thesis aims to deepen the systematic study of such topics as globalizations, information technology, strategies, the Internet, etc.. Basis of deepening give the current context of a changing society and later define the evolving needs facing enterprises. Analyzes the case of the Caixa General Deposits Portuguese.

Author: PEREZ SABATER CARMEN.
Year: 2006.
University: JAUME I DE CASTELLON [www.uji.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS HUMANAS Y SOCIALES.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS HUMANAS Y SOCIALES.

Summary: This dissertation checks if the trend of orality that has been developing the English language over the past centuries and conversacionalización and informalization of speech writing today are also evident in the speech communication via the Internet. To carry out this research has produced a body of electronic communication formed by private mails on student exchange and forums for university students. Analyzed the body concludes that the trend towards orality is evident in the electronic communication. However, the continued use of discursive practices of textual amendment that has been attributed to such records is not as common in the body of this research. Thus, in many cases the e-mails are still patterns of institutional and formal literary while the discussion forums are more informal and have more features oral.

Author: Lopez Sanchez Ana.
Year: 2006.
University: SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA [www.usc.es].
Place of defense: Facultade de Filoloxia.
Place of preparation: Facultad de Filologia.

Summary: This paper aims to look at the interplay between 'ways to talk' and 'ways of being in the world' through the analysis of the behavior of two communities lingüsticas, Spanish and American, at the time of making requests. The thesis begins with the presentation of theoretical frameworks that underpin the analysis of the corpus petitions obtained, and then presenting the corpus, the tools of analysis and the results of that analysis. The first chapter presents the viewpoint of scholars -- called 'relativistas' -- who argue that the conception that a speaker has the world around him may be influenced by the schemes and structural discourse of the language (s) ( s) spoke. In chapter two, presents the theory of speech acts developed by John Austin and John Searle, and some theories of politeness with special attention to the proposals of Brown and Levinson.