PSYCHOLOGY (4)

Author: AGUILAR LUZÓN MARÍA DEL CARMEN.
Year: 2005.
University: GRANADA [www.ugr.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE PSICOLOGÍA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE PSICOLOGÍA.

Summary: This study compares the predictive capacity and the degree of adjustment to present two models applied to the prediction of behavior proambiental: Theory of Planned Behavior (TCP; Ajzen, 1985; Ajzen and Madden, 1986), and model Values, Beliefs and Standards for the environment (VNC; Stern Dietz Abel, Guagnano and Kalof, 1999; Stern, 2000). In addition, it proposes an alternative model from the two analyzed increases explanation of the variance in behavior and improved adjustment to empirical data. The environmental behavior has been used as a basis: separate the glass from the rest of the garbage. To do so, it has relied on a sample consisting of 525 students and 154 housewives who answered an initial questionnaire (Time 1), which included a direct measure of past conduct, the conduct of predictive variables according to the TCP (attitude toward the behavior, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control and behavioral intention) and

Author: Callejas Sevilla Alicia.
Year: 2005.
University: GRANADA [www.ugr.es].
Place of defense: Facultad de Psicología.
Place of preparation: Facultad de Psicología.

Summary: Normally we see colors, olemos smells and hear the sounds. But, strange as it may seem, this is not always the case, as apparently, in the case of newborn babies or people and adults who experienced the phenomenon of perception sinestésica. The synaesthesia, the Greek 'syn' (union) + 'aisthesis' (feeling) is the union of different ways. Thus, the perception of a sensory stimulus joins the subjective experience of a different perception without external reference. An experience is evoked by a specific stimulus not evocaría that experience in the majority of the population. In some cases the perception of a melody is accompanied by an experimentation with different flavors, the perception of different flavors is accompanied by an experience of touch, or every word is experiencing a taste. Even more surprising is the fact that seeing the word 'love' written in green may be a very unpleasant experience while see the same word in yellow is pleasant. These emotional reactions associated with the perception of stimuli consistent or inconsistent with the experience sinestésica are an extremely interesting phenomenon and is addressed for the first time in this dissertation. Â Why is experiencing these feelings? Â Can avoided? Do you affect other facets of the lives of these people? These and other unknowns motivate our investigation. The first section of this research studied the effect of attention on synaesthesia. In Chapter 1 we used a task Stroop sinestésico. We present a set of colored letters and numbers and call upon our participant sinestésica (MoU) to appoint the color in which each stimulus was presented. By manipulating color presented on the screen and experienced MA, for each letter or number, got a position consistent and inconsistent. When both color presented as the fotismo experienced were the same, we find that MA was faster than in the conditions in which the color did not fit with the fotismo experienced. Therefore there was a Stroop effect. To find out if the actual colors interfere with fotismos and compare the magnitude of both effects Stroop conducted a second experiment, which had to appoint MA color fotismo experienced for each stimulus and ignore the color which provided the stimulus. Again, the color could be introduced or not fit with the fotismo experienced for each letter or number. Here we find that, once again, MA was slower in naming the color of fotismo when they did not fit with the color that the stimulus was presented. However, while naming the fotismo a stimulus colored so the incongruous be made about 47ms slower than appoint the fotismo a stimulus colored consistently, when the task was the opposite and had to appoint a colored stimulus colored incongruentemente MA took 285ms only when the color to be appointed fit with the fotismo evoked by the stimulus. These results were interpreted as evidence for the activation of fotismo is quite strong and interferes with the task of appointing the color that the real incentive is discolored. This experiment was designed for, reanalizando the same trials, could take a measure of Priming Negative (PN, Tipper, 1985). Analyzing trials in which the color of the previously ignored dimension became far in the same color as the dimension to which we had to respond to measure the ability of MA to inhibit the relevant information and thus do the job properly. We found a significant effect of negative priming for the task of appointing the fotismo but not for the task of naming the color. That is, when MA had to ignore the color presented on the screen to respond by saying the fotismo experienced, she was able to inhibit activation satisfactorily from color presented on the screen 8, and co 1ff8 mo Accordingly, the subsequent testing in the name of fotismo evoked by stimulating this was the same as the color that had been ignored in the previous trial, his response was slower. However, when the fotismo was dimension distractora it had to inhibit, to respond properly submitted to the color, MA was unable to suppress and therefore, when the same information was needed later in the trial, was easily accessible (Account this was the presence of an effect of priming positive, but not significant from a statistical point of view). In Chapter 2 we continue with the study of the role of care in synaesthesia. Following previous studies (Smilek, Dixon, Cudahy and Merikle, 2001; Palmeri et al., 2002; Ramachandran and Hubbard, 2001a) we designed a visual search task in which our participant sinestésica had to find a rectangle created with one of three possible letters and report if he was in a horizontal or vertical position. The letters used were chosen so that two of them shared the same fotismo (letter 'M' and letter 'N'), and two of them share the same characteristics of perception ( 'M' and 'W'). With this design could therefore dissociate the relative degree to which the shape of the letter helped in the search and compare with profit for the fotismo evoked by each letter. Therefore we predicted that if fotismos experienced before that point is recognized, then find a rectangle echo letter 'W' and hidden between letters' N 'and letters' M' would be easier to find a rectangle fact any of the other two letters since the 'W' evoked a color rosa-violáceo while the other two letters evoked the yellow. On the other hand, if the fotismo experienced after the explicit recognition of the letter, he would not be able to help in the search since for the moment the fotismo are experiencing, the letter had already been identified and therefore it had been found the rectangle. In this case expect that a rectangle created with letters' N 'would be easier to find since it was perceptivamente different from distraction. In the first experiment, we find that MA performed the task as participants control. It was faster to find a rectangle when it was formed by letters' N 'and did not show a distinct pattern in the quest for' M 'and' W '. However, tended to commit more errors when the rectangle was formed by 'Ms.' when it was formed by 'Was'. In a second experiment included a key after informing participants of the letter that formed the rectangle to know what point (or color in the case of MA) search. Again we found that its performance was better for the 'N' for any other letter was so quick and finding a rectangle formed 'Ms'' Was'. However, we returned to find that it was much more accurate by the joint estimulares in which he had to find an 'N' or a 'W' in which he had to find an 'M'. Since the checks showed the same pattern of results but with a lesser magnitude and therefore, the greatest differences between MA and the control group were measures of accuracy, we carried out two other experiments where we study these differences accuracy. Through the presentation of all temporary boost for a relatively short interval (1000ms or 1500ms), we measure the number of trials in which the direction of the rectangle was correctly given. Participants without synaesthesia committed more errors when they had to identify a rectangle fact letters' M 'or letters' W' and found no improvement in the condition in which the stimuli were presented for the longest time. For MA find that when the package was present during stimulate short time, the search for a rectangle fact letters' M 'was more difficult than finding any other letter. In the condition where the package was encouraging this for the longest time we returned to find that the letter 'M' was the most difficult to locate. Moreover, it has the letter 'N' was easier to find that the 'W' so that the greatest time of submission of all stimulate improved form of differential search based on the form but not the search based on color. Finally, we were interested in comparing the results described by those who would be found if the colors evoked by the lyrics were actually present on the screen. In the last experiment show the same sets estimulares until the participants showed a response, but now the letters' N 'and' M 'were colored yellow and the letter' W 'colored violet. Contrary to what has been done in other studies (eg Hubbard, Arman, Ramachandran and Boynton, 2005), also ask MA conduct this version of the task. We accomplished the task in a manner similar to the controls, though it was generally faster to respond. This could be due to the fact that he had extensive practice with this task. In particular, he found the rectangles formed by the letter 'W' faster than those formed by the letter 'M', and these in turn faster than those formed by the letter 'N'. These results clearly show that in the previous experiments MA was identifying the rectangles formed by the letter 'N' more easily because of its shape. Therefore, it appears that at least for MA, recognition aware of the letter is necessary to experience the fotismo associated with it and benefit from it. In this second chapter also were interested in studying the ability of MA for ignoring a dimension of a stimulus that was inconsistent with fotismo evoked by the stimulus when served another dimension that it was consistent with that fotismo. We study an improved version of Rich and Mattingley (2003), which presented a set of hierarchical stimuli style Navon, where a comprehensive manner was made on the basis of various local forms. Manipulamos consistency between the letter form the overall shape and letter forms locally and also manipulate color consistency between the submitted and fotismo evoked by each of the forms. Finally, we also manipulate the size of the stimulus that needed attention (global or local) and we ask our participant sinestésica and the control group to nominate the color of the stimulus presented on the screen. Among other findings are that when one of the two dimensions was colored incongruentemente with fotismo evoked, whether it was the size to which attention was paid or ignored dimension, performance was affected compared to the cases in which both dimensions were consistently colored. This result is consistent with those found in the experiment Stroop-Priming Negative carried out in the previous chapter, and we have found that ignore the fotismo was more difficult to ignore the color presented. You had to ignore the fotismo evoked by the size and light evoked by the size ignored (sometimes were equal and sometimes different) to be able to respond to the color presented on the screen. The results show that MA was not able to do so, and the fotismo of dimension to ignore affecting performance by increasing the effect of consistency. After finding that attention is needed to process the identity of the stimulus for this, in turn, evokes a fotismo, but not enough to ignore the irrelevant dimension of a stimulus, in the second section we explore the sights on emotional reactions Reviewed by our participant sinestésica well as by some researchers (Cytowic, 1993; Ramachandran and Hubbard, 2001b). In chapter 3 we show for the first time that these emotional reactions are see 8 daderas, 1ff8 automatic and difficult to ignore and which occur as a side effect of the perception of a stimulus colored consistent or inconsistent with fotismo evoking for a person sinestésica. First ask MA evaluate the valence of a set of words clearly emotional or neutral as can be clearly love, fear or table. We found that although the words were assessed correctly and the positive values obtained more positive than negative, the color in which the words were presented influenced their trials for evaluation. When the words were presented in the same color that MA had colored previously assessed as generally more positive than when they were presented in a color inconsistent. In a new experiment found if MA had obtained this pattern of results because they understood the instructions and also try to gauge the automaticity of these emotional reactions. On this occasion only show the emotional words and not neutral and we ask that categorizara as soon as positive or negative pressing one of two keys. If the emotional reaction experienced as a result of lace or lack of it between the color submitted and fotismo experienced is automatic, then interact with the valence of the word and lead to more mistakes because a rapid response would not lead to processes control acted to make that issue a response in accordance with the instructions. This is exactly what was found. When the words are coloreaban consistently positive, MA gave a quick response and accurate. When the positive words were incongruous color was slower and committing more errors. However, negative words pattern was obtained otherwise. If they were colored consistently, the response times were longer and commit more errors. If they were colored so incongruous, response times were faster and more accurate response. Although the only thing that MA had to do was inform the valence of words and did not have to make a subjective judgment, and although it gave a sound feedback when committing mistakes, even so, it was relatively difficult to respond in cases in which the valence of the word did not fit with the emotional reaction caused by the relationship between color and submitted the fotismo evoked. In Chapter 4 we study three other participants sinestésicos with the same procedure and found the same pattern of results. Showed an effect of consistency APRA words positive and modulation of the same for negative words. However, the third participant sinestésica we study even showed an effect of consistency. Tardaba so in a word categorize emotional when colored was consistent with his fotismo, where the color was inconsistent. Subsequent experiments showed that had a great effect Stroop very similar to that shown by MA in Chapter 1. It cost more job ignoring their fotismos, when I had to answer to the color which provided a stimulus to ignore that color to respond by appointing their fotismos. But no indication of the effect of negative priming for the task of appointing the fotismo nor to the task of naming the color. The failure to find such an effect indicates that the participant sinestésica was unable to inhibit their fotismos but neither inhibit real color presented on the screen. Combining this with the results of the categorization task, the results suggest that when the task at hand is difficult and promotes processing of color (as is the case in the Stroop tasks), fotismos it affect their performance and this influence it is strong and hard to inhibit. However, when the task is more difficult and processing of color not promoted (which is the case in the emotional task of categorizing a set of words) their fotismos themselves are able to be inhibited or are simply not strong enough to influence its performance. Another experiment was carried out to verify this hypothesis. It was presented to this participant sinestésica the same set of words in the same colors and studied in Chapter 1 and asked that categorizaran according to another dimension which we hope will trigger the fotismo more powerful. We asked them to indicate whether the words were correctly or incorrectly colored according to their fotismos. On this occasion we found that both participants revealed a pattern of slow response more and more errors when the positive words that were incorrectly colored negative when they were properly. Lastly, to ensure that this result was not due to contamination from the fact that answer 'if' is easier when the word is positive and answer 'no easier when the word is negative in the reverse position, we conducted a control experiment in which we asked people without synaesthesia to indicate if they were colored words correctly or incorrectly based on an approach that ensured that agree to its semantic representation. We found that participants were not controlling faster responding 'yes' to positive words and' no 'to negative words than they were in opposite situations. Therefore, the results of our two participants sinestésicas not due to this variable but a strange interaction between the valence of the word and lace between color and fotismo. Then we were interested in exploring the factors influencing the perception of a particular color as incongruous. It was clear that one word or letter filed with the color to the sinestésico had informed perceived as a colored word consistently. However, in Chapters 3 and 4 we note that present words in black did not seem to influence the sinestésicos when he was in a locked. So far we have used the opposite color, the color wheel, the color consistent color as incongruous to ensure that it was clearly distinct from consistent. To explore the reasons why the black did not seem to interfere with the execution of participants sinestésicas conducted a series of experiments presented in Chapter 5. We ask our sinestésica MA to conduct an evaluation task emotional valence similar to the one carried out in Chapter 3, but now manipulate the colors presentábamos and the context in which they were presented. Words colored in black were presented in a background color (ie, mixed in a random manner consistent with colored words and incongruentemente) to check whether the status of black as a neutral color changed and whether now was perceived as a color. Also present words in gray tone is a brighter white against a background color and an achromatic to check whether produce the same effects as black. Finally, taking advantage of the fact that the perception of color is based on key contextual contrast between the object and noticed that surround it, we present the same shade of gray, but changing the keys contextual to be perceived as white. With these experiments we found that the black produced a pattern similar to the colors inconsistent when presented in a background color and something similar happened to the gray. When presented isolated valence trials were more successful than when presented in a background color. However, this difference was still much smaller than the one found in the case of black. Finally, when the same words in the same color were perceived as white led to a pattern of more positive assessment in general. This last result underscores the impor 8 tance d 1354 and subjective experience in evaluating how good is a stimulus. In Chapter 6 we move one step further and look at the power of these emotional reactions. This check whether they were strong enough to serve as an unconditioned stimulus in a paradigm of classical conditioning. We tried to induce so implicit attitudes toward a set of pictures (drawings Pokemon) placed in a location space identified with a number and coloreándolas so that they fit with the color evoked by the fotismo number or not. If emotional reactions were strong enough, then it should serve as a stimulus incondicionados. In a first experiment found no effect of conditioning and this may be due to the fact that the relationship between fotismo evoked by the number and color of Pokemon is not sufficiently explicit. In a second experiment, we increase the level of processing in the number indicating the location in which it was presented the image and also show the number consistent or inconsistent color instead of displaying color only image of Pokemon. After two sessions of conditioning are that the attitudes of MA about the images were influenced by pairing with an unconditioned stimulus positive or negative and therefore conditioned positive stimuli were assessed as positive the more negatively influenced. Therefore conditional a set of images by matching with the occurrence of an emotional reaction positive or negative result of the consistency or inconsistency between the color submitted and fotismo evoked. In our pilot last chapter (Chapter 7) our sights on the study population did not sinestésica and explore the pattern of results we had obtained for participants control over the experiments already commented. Participants not sinestésicos showed an effect of consistency for which perform the task in different ways depending on the consistency sinestésica. However, this pattern appeared at random in reaction times or error rate and in some instances was in the same direction than in the control group and others in the opposite direction. Although the exact pattern seemed random, the fact that this effect was in many of the studies led us to explore in more detail and try to find an explanation for it. To determine which variables were influencing this outcome study the effect on the clarity of the colors and the color preferences of the participants. We also note the effect of the spatial location that was encouraging goal. In two experiments showed a large group of participants sinestésicos not a set of words that had been previously used in experiments synaesthesia and emotions. The presented in four colors (yellow, blue, red and green) and, after asking the subjects that categorizaran as positive or negative depending on their meaning, we ask that you inform us as to which of the four colors liked most and what one was the clearest. Data were recodificaron depending on the preference of color and clarity subjective and met some pretty amazing data. Participants showed sinestésicos not exactly the same pattern that had shown previously sinestésicos participants, so that the categorization of the valence of a word was influenced by color attributes which provided the floor. When presented in the color preferred, participants were faster in categorizing a positive than a negative word. So opposite if present in the color least preferred, participants categorized negative words more easily than the positive. In connection with the clarity subjective found a similar pattern of results. Overall, these results show that the effects of consistency found in randomized experiments prior to participating non sinestésicos could be due to factors such as a preference for one color or another.

Author: CUEVAS JARAMILLO MARÍA CLARA.
Year: 2005.
University: GRANADA [www.ugr.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA EDUCACIÓN.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA EDUCACIÓN.

Summary: Despite efforts from multiple instances, the violence continues with characteristics endemic, as recognized since 1996 when the World Health Organization declared it a public health problem and growing larger, which produces serious consequences, immediate, medium and long term and, in all spheres of life of individuals, families, communities and countries. Official figures reported accounting for more than one million people worldwide died as a result of violence. Likewise brought violence as a major cause of mortality in the range of 15 to 44 years. In the year 2000, occurred globally in the world, an estimated 199,000 murders of young women. In other words, an average of 565 children, adolescents and young people between 10 and 29 years die every day as a result of interpersonal violence (Surgeon General's Report on Youth Violence, 2001; WHO, 2002). Particularly Colombia presents homicide rates that placed among the most violent countries in the world (Espinoza, 2001). In the year 2002, according to the National Reference Center on Violence, the National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences of Colombia (2003), were committed 28,534 homicides, ie were killed 78 persons per day, corresponding to murder 3 persons per hour. During the year 2003, the Institute assessed 93,850 cases of people injured in the events of ordinary violence. These data imply national rates for injuries Interpersonal 191 for every 100 thousand inhabitants. The age group most affected by this way of violence for both men and women is located between 18 and 24 years, representing a total of 25,955 years of healthy life lost (Forensis, 2005). But what is most troubling is that this is not the only form of violence is happening, because within their own families, educational bodies, as well as in the media and entertainment, the acts of violence are part of everyday life, doing context of a permanent source of exposure to violence as victims or witnesses. The effects of exposure have been ratified through numerous investigations in which relieva the devastating impact, particularly on children, considered by evolutionary reasons, more vulnerable to these situations. We have reported emotional and behavioral effects, among which are traumatic stress, depression, anxiety, aggressiveness or violence, the inability to form relationships attachment, insensibilización and an additional set of bad behavior or problematic, impacting the quality of life of children who have (Garbarino, Dubrow, Kostelny and Brown, 1992; Gorman-Smith and Tolan, 1998; Kliewer, Lepore, Oskin and Johnson, 1998; Kliewer, Murrelle, Mejia, Towers G Angold, 2001; Gordis and Margolin, 2000; Martinez and Richters, 1993; Osofsky, 1995; Overstreet, 2000; Perry, Pollard, Blakley, Baker and Vigilante, 1995; Shahinfar, Kupersmidt, Matza, 2001; Proctor and Schwartz, 2000). Although Colombia frequently conducts research on this problem, many are not those that determine the levels of exposure of children and adolescents, and the impact they are producing. Nor are evaluated factors that can be protective as coping and parenting behaviors maternal aspects of relevance for determining precisely populations and specific strategies to intervene with the effectiveness required in minimizing the impact harmful. Taking into account the above, the main objective of the research was to determine the extent of exposure to 8 violenci ee1 to child and adolescent Colombian residents in Cali. It also sought to establish the relationship between the coping strategies of children and adolescents exposed and maternal parenting behavior, emotional and behavioral effects of anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, aggression and delinquency. Participants were 1362 children and 834 mothers. The sample of children and adolescents was composed of 774 men and 588 women between 7 and 14 years old, students from 20 to 60 degrees from 13 colleges unofficial and 6 government institutions and NGOs. It included socioeconomic high, medium and low. In research instruments were used to assess exposure to violence (Questionnaire Exposure to Violence, CEV, Cuevas, 2004), coping in children (Kidcope KC, Spirito Starck and Williams, 1988), parental behaviors reported by children and teenagers and mothers (Behaviors Parentales, CP, Ballesteros Valderrama, 2001). The emotional and behavioral effects, anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress, aggressive behavior and criminal behavior were evaluated with Expresses Anxiety Questionnaire Revised, CMAS-R (Reynolds and Richmonds, 1978), the Children's Depression questionnaire, the Commission Kovacs (1992), the list of symptoms for Children's Trauma form A TSCC-A (Briere, 1996) and the Listing Behaviors Children CBCL and YBCL (Achenbach and Eldebrock, 1979/1983). The results show a 100% exposure to violence and victimization among participants. Likewise, it was determined low parental behavior in positive and negative emotional communication, monitoring and control coercive. Participants used coping strategies varied, with a predominance of self-regulation of emotional and troubleshooting. It was established that 79% of children and adolescents had symptoms of anxiety, at different levels of severity. The 14.7% had depressive symptoms and 12.9% of post-traumatic stress symptoms. Rape and crime at the problem presented 2.9% of the participants. It found no significant difference in the emotional and behavioral symptoms according to the levels of exposure to violence and victimization, as well as levels of maternal behavior and parental coping strategies used. The results are worrying not only because of the high rates of exposure and the victimization of children and adolescents if not additionally for the high frequency of clinically significant symptoms of various disorders that involve serious consequences for development and adjustment. Allows however think intervention strategies with an emphasis on the predominant symptom, in specific age ranges, and in particular conditions of exposure. Providing also identify some factors to be linked as protectors from the effects of exposure to violence, as the coping of children and adolescents and practices appropriate maternal upbringing.

Author: Elipe Muñoz María Paz.
Year: 2005.
University: GRANADA [www.ugr.es].
Place of defense: Ciencias de la Educación.
Place of preparation: Facultad de Psicología.

Summary: The objective of this research was to develop an empirical model of frailty in elderly reflecting, in a specific manner, the provision of various emotional variables: life events, everyday stressors, social support, self-assessment of health, perception of pain, fear falls, coping strategies, optimism, pessimism, anxiety and depression. A theoretical model is developed, holistic and systemic fragility. Since it was developed a valuation which evaluated the different areas that make up the fragility at the theoretical level (activities of daily living, bodily functions and structures, and emotional context). The results obtained confirm the systemic nature and dynamics of fragile construct. In addition, significant gender differences appear. Specifically, a higher percentage of women showed higher levels of frailty. Moreover, the fragility of predictive variables in the model were obtained empirical different in men and women. Likewise, the analysis carried out revealed the emotional significance of the variables in relation to the level of fragility of the elderly because, in addition to show significant associations between these variables and the level of fragility total appeared independent associations between variables emotional and other areas that make up the fragility. Therefore, the fragility appears to be a situation unique to each person who emerges as a consequence of the interaction of various personal and environmental factors, which would include the emotional factors.

Author: ZABALA RABADÁN ARANTZAZU.
Year: 2005.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID [www.ucm.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE PSICOLOGÍA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE PSICOLOGÍA.

Summary: Knowledge about the early onset of psychosis, is limited. Much of the effort has been focused on the characterization of schizophrenia start early, and one of the main points still to be resolved is the identification of markers that allow differentiate it from other psychotic disorders. At present, although we know that the cause of schizophrenia is a brain impairment, not just yet unknown etiology of this affectation, but when it happens and its subsequent evolution. One of the manifestations of this brain impairment is cognitive impairment. The cognitive impairment is a symptom of feature of schizophrenia, whether the onset of the disease occurs in adulthood or so earlier. Besides the traditional approach to the study of cognitive impairment that contemplates the neuropsychological assessment, it has recently been suggested that low concentrations of N-acetilaspartato (NAA) are indicative not only of changes in neuronal integrity, but also of cognitive dysfunction. Both types of alterations have been documented independently in schizophrenia start early, but no previous study has valued its possible association in this population. This paper proposes the study and characterization of cognitive deficits and changes in markers of neuronal integrity in different subgroups diagnosis of psychosis start early and in a group of healthy controls. The identification of a specific profile of both cognitive impairment as biochemistry allow the identification of a group of high-risk patients who could benefit from early intervention. It also is intended to assess a possible association between the two variables that will lead to greater knowledge about the biochemical correlates of cognition. We evaluated 47 healthy adolescents and 51 adolescents with a first psychotic episode. The cognitive measures were derived from the application of a neuropsychological battery that included measures of attention and information processing, working memory, executive functions, and learning and memory. A study of magnetic resonance spectroscopy of proton single volume, with two locations: in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (CPFDL) of the left and right hemisphere. The results show that the psychosis of early onset is associated with cognitive impairment, patents in the first episode of the disease. These changes, which affect every domain tested, are unspecific at least during the first demonstration, not having found qualitative differences between diagnostic subgroups. However, the degree of impairment is most pronounced in patients with schizophrenia. This same group of patients presenting specifically a decrease in the concentration of NAA / water in the CPFDEL left. The correlation in the whole sample of subjects evaluated between cognitive variables and biochemical concentrations in the left CPFDL suggests that there is a weak association, so that the decrease in NAA / water is associated with worse cognitive performance. Taken together, the results of this theory suggest that the psychosis of early onset could be a continuum of severity, which schizophrenia presents a performance deficit and more functional alterations in neural CPFDL left, which would support that the worst prognosis usually associated with this group of patients.

Author: GONZÁLEZ TRUJILLO M. CARMEN.
Year: 2005.
University: GRANADA [www.ugr.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE PSICOLOGÍA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE PSICOLOGÍA.

Summary: The objective of this study is to improve the reading comprehension by intervention on two of the variables that have shown their influence in this area, morphosyntax and prosody. The transparent nature of the Spanish makes mastery of RCGF does not pose a great challenge to the reader and learning that the problems of learning to read is framed primarily in the area of reading comprehension. While he established a correlation of many variables with the reading, there is no evidence of a causal link in the majority of cases. Both programs were designed to intervene in 16 meetings (duration: 45 minutes 2veces/semana) and consist of oral and written activities to study the influence morphosyntactically explicit knowledge and skills of prosody. The study design is a pre-test to post-test control group. The sample consisted of 66 children 3Âş Primary Education. They were divided into three groups, Group Mor

Author: PACHECO PÉREZ MERITXELL.
Year: 2005.
University: RAMÓN LLULL [www.url.edu].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE PSICOLOGÍA, CIENCIAS DE LA EDUCACIÓN Y DEL DEPORTE BLANQUERNA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAT DE PSICOLOGÍA Y CIENCIAS DE LA EDUCACIÓN Y DEL DEPORTE BLANQUEMA.

Summary: From a positioning epistemological and theoretical constructivist, and methodologically plural, in this investigation part of the premises: 1-That itself is multifaceted and (re) builds on the experience relational. 2-That the structure and contents are related to psychological well-being. The research participants were 34 adults with demands psychotherapeutic no-psicóticas following individual psychotherapy with satisfactory results. We use qualitative analysis (Grounded Theory Methodology; Glasser & Strauss, 1967) and quantitative (quantitative analysis of technical Grid, Kelly, 1955/1991, referring to himself social / relational; CER, Evaluation Questionnaire Results of Core System Group 1998; and WATOCI, Wiorking Alliance and Tehory of Change Inventory, Duncan and Miller, 1999). We evaluated three times (beginning of the therapy, eighth session, and final session or 9 months of inception). Considering the client's positioning in therapy as a component of itself to people who participate in therapy, in our part of the investigation understanding of the experiences of clients on their own psychotherapeutic process. Analyze your vision on your own contribution and the therapist's positioning in the customer's satisfactory therapeutic relationship. We also explore the structure and content of itself, considering globally, as well as its relationship with symptomatic improvement. Overall, the results of this research enables us to conclude that customers whose psychotherapeutic process is satisfactory, identified as the naturalness relational dominant position of the client in therapy, and perceive themselves during sessions mainly as productive agents in collaboration with his therapist. Notable strategies particularly useful as a therapist of those who promote such cooperation, mainly those that promote the reflectivity, and more particularly openness and awareness of the customer. In addition, participants in our research identified easily relational its various positions at the same time maintaining a unified vision of their identity. The symptomatic improvement was related to the increase in consistencial of itself, the sense of self and self-awareness both on the various relational positions on the overall construction of itself.

Author: CALLE SANTOS MARÍA ENCARNACIÓN ISABEL.
Year: 2005.
University: PONTIFICIA DE SALAMANCA [www.upsa.es].
Place of defense: UNIVERSIDAD PONTIFICIA DE SALAMANCA.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD PONTIFICIA DE SALAMANCA.

Summary: The basic objective of this research is to deepen the knowledge of the attitudes, anxiety and fear of death are likely to display the HIV / AIDS patients in terms of diagnosis, gender, place of residence, perception of the disease, routes contagion and treatment, and identifying key strategies to develop a psychological intervention. The collection instruments have been: the Profile Revised Attitudes to Death (PAM-R) Gesser et al. (1988), The Anxiety Scale to Death (DAS) Templer (1970) and the Multidimensional Scale of Fear of Death (EMMM) Hoelter (1979). The statistical analysis was confined in an empirical study, both descriptive and inferential, following methodological processes governing the measurement psychological. The results indicate that we found: 1-Those who have an attitude of greater fear, avoidance and escape before accepting death are the subjects with AIDS, man, residing in the countryside, which divisan their health as good, untreated and know their route of infection, but those who express greater acceptance of rapprochement and to escape death are the subjects with HIV, man, middle semiurbano, with a regular perception of their health, and its untreated form of contagion has parenterally. 2-Those who expressed more anxiety about death are AIDS patients, men, urban residence, which they perceive their health as good, untreated and unaware of their route of infection. 3-Those who show greater fear of death, a process of dying, dead, being destroyed, others significant, as a conscious and premature death, are the subject of HIV, men who reside in the city, with a perception regular their health, treatment and route of infection has been the parenterally, however exhibiting a higher level of fear of the unknown and the body after death are AIDS patients, women, environment rural intuyen that their health as poor, receiving treatment and route of transmission was sexual.

Author: SCHWEIGER GALLO INGE.
Year: 2005.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID [www.uam.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE PSICOLOGÍA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE PSICOLOGÍA.

Author: LONGARES VIDAL LUIS CARLOS.
Year: 2005.
University: BURGOS [www.ubu.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE HUMANIDADES Y EDUCACIÓN.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE HUMANIDADES Y EDUCACIÓN.

Summary: The hypothesis of this research arises in space geopolitical and socio-cultural Mexico beginning in the second half of the twentieth century in which there is a big change in attitude and social trend reflected in the institutionalization of a series of special significance teaching where it has an important role as Telesecundaria and innovative strategy of schooling. The thesis presents the following objectives: * Know and describe the phases of the program Telesecundaria from the beginning until their background and their evolution through different stages that have enabled the progressive consolidation as a viable alternative and innovative. * Understand the role that Telesecundaria develops educational structure in the educational cultural and social development in the second half of the twentieth century in Mexico. * Explaining the causes of the introduction of Telesecundaria and its educational and cultural achievements. * Analyze the characteristics of the educational model developed in the Mexican society with cultural problems and difficulties terrain. The methodology incorporates historical analysis, comparison, statistical and empirical and resorted to the use of documentary sources, the press and oral testimony in a story full of education for delving into the history of the structures, by bringing into the history of education the methods of the other sectoral and stories with those of the human and social sciences to the correct understanding and appreciation of the object of study. The main conclusions of the work are: 1-THE Telesecundaria stands as a form of inclusive schooling, functional and interactive. 2-It detects a special membership, participation and commitment of teachers as a significant variable in the educational success of this mode of secondary education and lifelong learning additional faculty. 3-At different stages through which crosses the Telesecundaria is consolidating as a very sensitive to developments in the information society and knowledge embodied in the process of learning the new technologies of communication. 4-We have found a formula to enrollment decentralized and adapted to the different geographical and socio-cultural environments. 5, - Given the success in the training objectives and the exponential growth experienced in Mexico in enrollment in this form of education, has led to the transfer and use in other environments geocultural with similar educational problems. The work shows that the Telesecundaria is now a formal education, which helps to educate and train fully prepare to participate constructively in society. Also found were displaying at present "added value" of learning, cost and retention rates are higher than in other forms of secondary education, including general and technical schools.

Author: SILVAN FERRERO MARIA DEL PRADO.
Year: 2005.
University: NACIONAL DE EDUCACIÓN A DISTANCIA [www.uned.es].
Place of defense: PSICOLOGÍA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE PSICOLOGÍA.

Summary: This project has taken as a starting point two aspects: the dimension of interference in the communication raised by Jones et al. (1984) and the model ambivalencia-amplificación Katz (1981). The interference in the communication is defined as the extent to which a particular attribute can hinder social interaction. The model ambivalencia-amplificación implies the existence of positive and negative feelings toward an object of simultaneous attitude. What is the model assumes that the coexistence of these two factors generate a conflict in the person who will be resolved amplifying the pole positive or negative depending on the features that provide the context. To test the operation of these hypotheses have been conducted four studies of which suggests: 1 - The relevance of the ambivalent attitudes towards the disabled, both through a survey correlates and across the three experimental studies, also showing their effects through explicit measures, including decisions on future interactions and implicit. 2 - The importance of interference in the communication as a dimension of the stigma, given the increased anxiety produced in the non-disabled. 3 - The absence of effect on the amplification of the response of non-disabled people to conduct positive or negative for the disabled. This fits with some results of the investigations under the ambivalencia-amplificación. Moreover has obtained a bias positive reactions toward the disabled to be put on two issues: the existence of a social norm in connection with the stigma that do relatively less acceptable reactions compared with other stigmas and with the existence of other psychological processes as empathy for the suffering of the disabled person. 4-It has highlighted the importance of including measures involving decisions directly affecting those involved in the investigation, as a way of controlling the social desirability may appear on self-report measures. 5-In the methodological level, contributes to the adaptation of a series of instruments for measuring reactions to the disabled: yearnings, cognitive and emotional ambivalence, and measures implied. It also includes analysis of the relationship between implicit and explicit measures of attitudes toward the disabled. Ultimately, we can say that this project has been a breakthrough in the study of the processes involved in psycho-social attitudes and behaviors of non-disabled people to people who have some type of physical disability.

Author: DOLCET SERRA JUAN.
Year: 2005.
University: LLEIDA [www.udl.es].
Place of defense: DEPARTAMENTO DE PEDAGOGIA Y PSICOLOGIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE EDUCACIÓN. UNIVERSITAT DE LLEIDA.

Summary: This research was designed to analyze the similarities and differences between models of personality Cloninger, Big Five (Costa and McCrae) and Five Alternative (Zuckerman) in samples of the general population. Data were obtained from questionnaires TCI-R (Temperament and Character), NEO-FFI-Ry ZKPQ-50-CC respectively. The sample consisted of 928 individuals from the general population and college, the 42.7% (396) are men and 57.3% (532) women, aged between 18 and 77 years, with an average of 30.63 years and a diversion typical 11.60. The main objective of this work is the study of the relationship between the size of the three models of personality together. The aim is to use different principal component analysis based on 3, 4 and 5 factors with the aim of studying how multivariate relationships between the three models. Additionally, procedures will also be used structural equation modeling to find out which models are better adapted to the data. It is expected to find a positive and statistically significant relationship between the size HA, N N-Anx and between NS, ImpSS and negatively, C. It is also expected that if all three scales character relate to aspects of social learning or culture, then will relate to the size Opening NEO-FFI-R The results confirm predictions found on the similarity between the variables Neuroticismo of all three models (HA, N N-Anx) Extraversión (RD, E ImpSS, Sy and Act) and Socialization (Do you or Psicoticismo the reverse? (SD, CO, PS, NS-, C, A, ImpSS - Agg-Host-). data also show that NS's TCI-R is similar to the size ImpSS of ZKPQ-50-CC, and both covarían negatively with the scale C NEO-FFI-R. Regarding the character Autotrascendencia (ST) TCI-R relates strongly with O's NEO-FFI-R, finding strong relations between the scales of nature's TCI-Ry scales ZKPQ and others NEO-FFI-R. All models incorporating a scale similar Neuroticismo. was finally concluded that the Temperament and Character Psychological constructs are not completely different and the character, can not be explained without resorting to Temperament.

Author: GUTIERREZ GOMEZ-CALCERRADA SONIA.
Year: 2005.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID [www.ucm.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE PSICOLOGÍA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE PSICOLOGÍA.

Summary: This work is the development and implementation of a program of cognitive-behavioral intervention in menopause, with the aim of teaching a series of theoretical content and techniques applicable to the problems of menopause, so that women consolidate, enhance or modify their knowledge regarding the climacteric, and learn techniques to help them cope with and alleviate the physical and psychological changes that it entails, thus improving their quality of life. The program addressed climatéricas women of different populations of the Madrid symptoms associated with menopause wing and aged between 45 and 55 years. The intervention was implemented on a group of 8 or 10 sessions of 1 hour or 1.5 hours each. The results of the experimental group were compared with those from a control group of similar characteristics. We believe that the objectives of the workshop had been reached, when a Upon completion, participants were able to depose the techniques learned in practice, having a widespread daily life, thereby obtaining beneficial to the physical level (in reducing the frequency and duration the symptoms associated with menopause), and psychological level (getting a change in attitude toward menopause and a reduction in anxious and depressive symptoms). The results showed deferencias significant in the treatment group in terms of scores given by the participants in the pre - and post-measures, in the following scales: Index Menopáusico of Kupperman & Baltta, Assessment Questionnaire Quality of Life Sánchez-Cánoas and HADS scale of Zigmond and Snaith. These findings held after 6 months. The control group did not report any improvement.

Author: MARTÍN VECINO TERESA.
Year: 2005.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID [www.ucm.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE PSICOLOGÍA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE PSICOLOGÍA.

Summary: The psychological well-being or happiness has been investigated in recent decades that today we can say that configures a field of study itself. Their backgrounds have been searched in various correlates external, and also in personality traits and the culture to which it belongs. The intensity with which it has been experiencing emotions, however, a somewhat variable high pass through to study welfare. Probably because some pioneering research had advocated that affected little. Around us, however, we see that the painful experience their emotions differently: some so exalted, others with a calm appalling. In addition, the clinical psychology shows that the experience of intense negative emotions often present in almost all psychopathological disturbances, and to a lesser extent the same is true of positive emotions intense in certain disorders. These evidences clearly contrasted with the idea that the welfare is alien to intense emotional experience. This thesis aims to ascertain whether the fundamental emotional experience affects the internal psychological well-being of people and, moreover, to what extent and how much the intensity with which experienced emotions as the culture to which it belongs affecting the welfare . As a secondary objective, it aims to check the possible differences in emotional intensity that might exist on the basis of sex and the kind of culture of the person treated at a variable little studied previously. Samples have been used university from 38 countries, grouped into three categories cultural (individualists, neutral and collectivist). The total number of subjects participating has been 1935 and his age between 15 and 30 years. The percentage of women is 49.90% and boys 50.10%. The results show that intense emotional experience a substantial influence on the psychological well-being of individuals. In every culture, experiencing intense emotions and intense joy, in that order, affects the psychological well-being. Other intense emotions studied up specific patterns to predict the psychological well-being in every culture. Furthermore, it appears that although the data always pointing toward women as emotionally more intense than men, the effects of culture in the emotional intensity are greater than those of sex. The theoretical significance of our results is twofold, on the one hand shows that positive emotions influence intense psychological wellbeing, and on the other, suggests a certain universality regarding the importance of experiencing intense satisfaction and joy no matter what cause these emotions.

Author: COLON GONZALEZ OLGA IRIS.
Year: 2005.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID [www.ucm.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE FILOSOFÍA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE FILOSOFÍA.

Summary: As a key part of this research was discussed whether there was a difference in the moral development of men and women from a gender perspective, in turn, is corroborated if the woman is guided more for the care that the ideal of justice, or if the man is guided more towards the ideal of justice for the care. It also investigated whether older, the higher the level of moral reasoning, and if there is a variation between the sexes when it comes to moral reasoning. Another aspect of the investigation was to ascertain whether the values are transmitted through family ties. This work makes a contribution to the theory of moral development raised by Lawrence Kohlberg and Carol Gilligan. The model Kohlberg poses an understanding of justice, equality and reciprocity is called the ethics of justice. Gilligan on the other hand, raised its guidance for the care model, as a balance between power and care of herself and caring for others. Kohlberg presenting justice as a basic principle, reaffirming that the person must understand the existence of universal ethical principles. It concerns the morality or moral thought subjective, which translate into their behavior which leads to moral action or objective morality. Therefore, the individual must analyze what the idea is the right thing that will take you to consider their view of responsibility in implementing the action. Gilligan on the other hand poses as the moral guidance requires careful consideration of the agent in a specific context, interests and perspectives. In turn, allows reflect on the consequences that would have a particular moral decision. The psychology of women are highlighted greater orientation relationships and interdependence, which implies a more contextual view and understanding different morals. From the approach to gender differences, the individual is faced with a society where, in construcicón social gender, it exposes behavior stereotype of what it means to be male or female. We recognize differences between men and women in terms of how to reason. This promotes that the man is being denied, consciously or unconsciously, all matters relating to passivity, the emotions that men associated with them, such as fear, pain, sadness or vergà ¼ enza. The woman approached morality more in terms of responsibility rights. This is due to the perception that I have, which is closely related to the Other. This observation is linked to their social upbringing and what is expected of them in society. Therefore, the moral theory relies exclusively on the concept of justice is to the detriment of women. The sample survey was comprised as follows: students in the halls Guayama Barranquitas and the University of Puerto Rico (UIPR) Teachers and Staff Administrative District of Patillas and senators, representatives of the Legislative Branch of the Free State Associated Puerto Rico. The entire sample was 274 subjects. To obtain the data we used an instrument applied to the study participants was the "defining Issues Test" designed by James Rest which was translated and adapted by the Department of Education of Puerto Rico. To gather the data for this study was administered a structured questionnaire that included three moral dilemmas followed by a series of questions. An analysis of ranges instead of socks, as variables quantitative nature debatable. An analysis of variance of measures for each of the dilemmas in order to determine the relationships among variables. For part of the socio-demographic data were analyzed ranges. The results of the study indicate that there is a gender difference in the Dilemma of Fugitive, which leads us to conclude that according to the context in women manifests the guidance of care, reaffirming that manifests a more contextual view and understanding morality. Neither the Dilemma of Heinz nor in the 8 l Doctor 2c7 evidenced significant gender difference between men and women. It has been shown that the values are transmitted by the family bond. In turn, the person who has come to a moral maturity has developed a sense of justice that depends crucially on mutual respect and solidarity.

Author: CALVO MERINO BEATRIZ.
Year: 2005.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID [www.ucm.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE PSICOLOGÍA UCM.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE PSICOLOGÍA (UCM) E INSTITUTE OF CONGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCIE (UCL, LONDRES).

Summary: Studies neurophysiological and neuroimaging studies have shown the existence of a specialized system in observing actions, called "system speculate." The neurons are defined by specular activated during the execution and the observation of the same action. They neurons visuomotoras. This system has been located in areas premotora and parietal cortex, and some authors suggest could be dealt with a system to conduct an internal motor simulation of the action observed. However, to date there are no studies that show direct evidence thereon, or if this activation not for other features of the action as observed in the presence of the objects to which the actions are directed, the body part or observed visual experience with the action. In this thesis we wanted to deepen this system property speculation. To that end, we conducted two studies of neuroimaging in which we study brain activity in subjects with various motor skills learned. When we learn a new motor skill, in turn acquired a representation of the motor itself, it allows us to design the following experiments. In a first experiment recorded the brain activity through RMf of 20 subjects with skills (ballet dancers and capoerista) while observing movements belonging to his repertoire that no motor or movements (movements of ballet and capoeira). An analysis of variance give us interaction (x subject movement), showing the effect of observing actions of the representations that have motorboats. The resutlados show activity in areas classically described within the system to speculate, such as bark premotora and groove intraparietal in the parietal cortex bilaterally. However, in this study the effect of confusing motor familiarity with the effect of visual familiarity with the effect of visual familiarity with the same as the ballet dancers have greater visual experience with ballet movements of Capoeira (In addition to the motor), and vice versa. In a second experiment was intended to separate the activity associated familiarity motor and visual familiarity with the action observed. Jan l ballet, there are movements that are performed only by women or men. But because all train together, all have a great visual experience with every move. This allows us to construct an algorithm that maintain constant visual familiarity of the subjects (ballet dancers - women and men) while we control the degree of familiarity with motor actions to observe (ballet movements of women and men) . The resutlados of this study overlap with those found in an experiment. These two studies show the first direct evidence that during the observation of an action, there is an imitation purely internal motor. This paper concludes that the mere observation is sufficient to activate the areas where they reside neural representations motor and therefore, the information is stored in them (engines commands for execution, the same sensory consequences, concomito on the action) . The system could speculate participate in the interpretation and understanding of the actions that we see in others.

Author: López Torres Miguel R..
Year: 2006.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA [www.uab.es].
Place of defense: Departament de Psicolgia Bàsica.
Place of preparation: Departament de Psicologia Básica, Evolutiva i de l'Educació.

Summary: We review the aspéctos notional "flow" and empirical research that has been made in athletes and deportisatas Anglo and Spanish. We propose a hypothetical model on the size of the flow, and reported the results of a study where techniques were used quantitative and qualitative research. The results showed that participants had a significantly higher intrinsic motivation that extrinsic or amotivación, an orientation to the task significantly higher than the ego, and a high perceived ability. The values of the dimensions of "flow" were significantly higher during the best experiences of return compared with the worst, the anxiety was significantly lower during the best experiences of return compared with the worst, the emotions of positive tone had a favorable effect and were larger significantly higher for the best performance experiences

Author: Patró Hernández Rosa.
Year: 2006.
University: MURCIA [www.um.es].
Place of defense: Facultad de Psicología.
Place of preparation: Facultad de Psicología.

Summary: The objective of this research is to examine the relationship between violence against women in the couple and personality variables, evaluated through Styles Inventory Personality Millon (MIPS). A review on the theoretical model of personality Millon, the concept, definition and consequences of violence against women in the couple, the conceptual framework for assessing the impact of traumatic experiences and their relationship to personality. The object of study sample consisted of 105 women battered by their partners residing in shelters or emergency. Two main objectives were to be made on the assumptions of research: a) Establish profiles differentials personality styles in women's groups with varying degrees of victimization (normal population, women victims of abuse in the couple and female victims of abuse the couple with a history of victimization in childhood), and to analyze the relationship between personality and the variable duration of the abusive situation. Through a comparative design was found greater accentuation of the scales of personality to the poles of MIPS in less adaptive function of greater history of victimization and a longer duration of exposure to violence (where battered women exclusively on the stage adults are located in an intermediate position with respect to the profiles obtained by the other two groups). B) From a differential approach and a concept of multi psychological disorders, analyze the contribution of personality variables in the psychological impact of the experiences of abuse. To that end, we studied the relationship between personality styles and two of the most frequent battered women, the post-traumatic stress disorder (assessed through the Symptom Severity Scale of Stress Disorder Postraumático, Echeburúa and cabbage, 1997) and depression (through the Beck Depression Inventory, BDI), and settled personality profiles with different groups according differential symptoms. It also assessed variables relating to the situation of violence (type, intensity and duration) and variables related to the context (level of social support and life stressors extra), by measuring instruments developed for this purpose. Through comparative analysis, and correlacionales regression, the results helped affirm that both the presence and level combination of symptoms evaluated relate to a profile less adaptive in the scales of MIPS based on the theoretical model Millon, and that scales of MIPS are displayed as significant predictors of the level of depressive symptoms and post-traumatic stress disorder, along with variables related to the situation and context of violence. Taken together, these results raise the question and consider the appropriateness of the study of different personality profiles in battered women depending on various features of his personal history and biographical. The results provide evidence found about it is not indifferent to the dimensions of personality of the victim its history of victimization and thus also its capacity adjustment and recovery. All this suggests, similarly, the relevance of including the dimensions of personality as an important part of the different treatment approaches that with the victims of this violence are carried out.

Author: GASTAÑAGA UGARTE MARIO.
Year: 2006.
University: PONTIFICIA DE SALAMANCA [www.upsa.es].
Place of defense: UNIVERSIDAD PONTIFICIA DE SALAMANCA.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD PONTIFICIA DE SALAMANCA.

Summary: DISORDERS TIROIDEOS DISORDERS AND PSICOPATOLOGICAS IN THE AGE PRESNIL And SENIL The Object of the study was to investigate the degree of correlation between thyroid gland function and behavior psicopatológico in a sample population sick, more than 40 years. The study population suffers from diseases physical and / or psychological, congenital (from birth) or degenerative (demonstration later); exacerbations and complications of chronic diseases or any other process acute emerging. The working hypothesis was established on the alleged relationship between thyroid abnormalities and psychopathological disturbances. The study examined the levels of thyroid hormones circulating in the plasma of patients mental, physical and sensory, covered a sample of ages preseniles and senile, in the light of its patografía, clinical observation and with the assistance of modern techniques for hormonal determinations by RIA available only for a little more than a decade. The main results obtained in the survey reveals that: 1.-Los disorders of the thyroid gland appeared late in the senile age presenil and do not relate to psychopathological disturbances arising. 2 .- The thyroid abnormalities detected by biochemical changes in the rate of circulating hormones in plasma have a strong correspondence with congenital mental illness. 3 .- Among the congenital mental illness is the greatest proportion of clinical or subclinical thyroid abnormalities.

Author: MARÍN SERRANO BENITO.
Year: 2006.
University: PONTIFICIA DE SALAMANCA [www.upsa.es].
Place of defense: UNIVERSIDAD PONTIFICIA DE SALAMANCA.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD PONTIFICIA DE SALAMANCA.

Summary: ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS DOCTORAL ENTITLED: ABILITIES OF PROCESSING ORTOGRÁFICO: INFLUENCE OF EXPOSURE TO FORM LANGUAGE. Author: Benito Marin Serrano Director: Dr. D. Jesus Martinez Martin This study makes a tour of the factors involved in the development of spelling knowledge that have been the subject of research in the field of literacy. There is particular concern about the environmental factors, in particular the exposure Printed language. The appearance of the Model Double Route Cascade Coltheart and colleagues (2001) allows for a revision of the operating mechanism of reading through two routes or routes separate and distinct, on the other a more inclusive in that phonological and orthographic skills interacting in both tracks. Using the technique of structural equation modeling explores the latent construct Processing Ortográfico in its causal relationship with another three, two of environmental, Environment reader in the House and Exhibition Printed language, and a third or more in the nature genetics constitutional Processing Fonológico. The shows up children 3Âş and 4Â ° Primary Education. The results confirm the significant and direct relationship between the amount of exposure to print and spelling, but its effect is lower than expected. Likewise, the role of a reader motivating atmosphere in the home of a child appears as a primary determinant of the amount of extracurricular reading it done. However, the influence of the sensibility in the development of phonological representations spelling is in a more prominent position.