BIOCHEMISTRY (4)

Author: DIAZ HERNANDEZ JUAN IGNACIO.
Year: 2005.
University: SALAMANCA [www.usal.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.
Place of preparation: DEPARTAMENTO BIOQUIMICA Y BIOLOGIA MOLECULAR E INICYL.

Summary: In this paper modulamos biosynthesis of glutathione (GSH) in primary cultures of neurons, decreasing the concentration of GSH by the generation of RNA interference against limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis, glutamate cysteine ligasa (GCL), and increasing the synthesis GSH by overexpression of that enzyme Through these techniques, we conducted independent modulation of the two subunits of the GCL, noting decrease in the activity of the GCL and in the content of cellular GSH to silence the GCL by interfering RNAs against both subunits and an increase in enzyme activity and the content of glutathione in the case of overexpression of the subunit modulating the GCL.

Author: GUIL LÓPEZ SARA.
Year: 2005.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID [www.ucm.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA.

Summary: One learns the ways of processing and presentation of antigens by MHC class I protein shell of the human immunodeficiency virus and the nucleoproteína influenza virus. In the case of processing epítopo R10I (residues 318-327) of the protein wrapped submitted by Dd, involving the proteasome and metaloproteasas. The product processing both proteases requires no trimming. In the case of epítopo NPO147-155 of nucleoproteína influenza virus submitted by Kd, looks at the strains A/PR/8/34 uA/NT/60/68. The study used the native protein core of both strains and protein chimera of the protein from cápsida of hepatitis B virus with different inserts epítopo NP147-155. It had been postulated that one or more of the activities of sensitive proteasome inhibitor lactacistina are involved in the destruction of epítopo. It now determines that the epítopo itself, both in its natural context and in another, carries information to be destroyed in infected cells. There are three factors that influence the efficiency of generation epítopo NP147-155 influenza virus: 1-sequence distal to the 4 aa flaqueantes on each side of epítopo of nucleoproteína of the strain A/PR/8/34 promotes efficiency of processing and generation of epítopo NP147-155 regarding the strain A/NT/60/68. 2 - The 4 aa flanking the epítopo NO147-155 on each side, and in particular amino residue immediately, causing slight differences in the efficiency of generating epítopo between the two strains. 3-Streams natural flanqueasteis of epítopo NP147-155 of both strains favoring his generation when it is presented in a context different from yours natural protein. The generation of epítopo NP147-155 influenza virus, both from the context of another native, and therefore in murine cells and in human proteases involving the cytosolic tripeptidil peptidasa II. The products processing this protease require cutting by at least a mainopeptidasa of endoplasmic ERRAP .- reticulum

Author: MARTÍN SAAVEDRA FRANCISCO MANUEL.
Year: 2005.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID [www.ucm.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS.

Summary: Now regarded as multiple sclerosis (MS) arises primarily as a result of an autoimmune response to autoantígenos of myelin in the central nervous system of an individual susceptible. The pathogenesis of the disease is mediated, at least in part, by T lymphocytes, and is triggered for unknown environmental factors, there is a genetic basis that gives varying degrees of susceptiblidad. The experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model that reproduces properly MS in humans, and that can be induced by an active or passive. The main therapeutic strategies for MS are those aimed at inmunorregular the response of T lymphocytes through the administration of cytokines inmunorreguladoras, immunosuppressants or immunomodulators such as monoclonal antibodies anti-VLA-4 or statins. Among the cytokines inmunorreguladoras excels interferon beta (IFNbeta), which is commercially available for clinical use as a recombinant protein produced in bacteria (Betaferón) or CHO cells (Avonex, Rebif). Although most patients have an optimal response to IFNbeta, some patients do not respond to treatment and others do so only partially Because the mechanism by which IFNbeta exerts its therapeutic effects in MS are unknown, it is of paramount importance to study in this dissertation on the various signaling pathways of IFNbeta in T lymphocytes in vitro and in animal models of EAE. This paper shows that there are a number of mechanisms which, independently or in conjunction, can contribute to the therapeutic effect of IFNbeta in the treatment of MS. First, it shows that you treated in vitro with IFNbeta induces the expression of IL4 and IL10, CD25 and Foxp3, inhibits the expression of Ifngamma and shows an effect anti-proliferativo differential on the cells CD4 +, thus affecting polarization the phenotypes T1/T2. Secondly, it is noted that the increased expression of IL4 and IL10 mediated in vitro by IFNbeta correlates with the stabilization of mRNA of both cytokines in the cell Th2. Thirdly, these regulatory mechanisms of IFNbeta observed in vitro correlate with the therapeutic effect observed in vivo by SEA attenuation symptomatic of the disease and decrease injuries, and agrees with the increase in cytokines anti-inflamatroias IL4 and IL10. In addition, we have studied other mechanisms for regulating the expression of IL4 or receiver IL4Ralfa. In the case of IL4, has been shown to STat6 interferes with the activity transcripts led by NFAT on the element P1 promoter IL4, and that this mechanism is not functional in the early stages of definition of the phenotype T2, nor is it affected by IFNbeta . Promoter IL4Ralfa which is governed by a box GT type TAT-less, nor its activity thus altered by the presence of IFNbeta.

Author: MAYÁN SANTOS MARÍA DOLORES.
Year: 2005.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID [www.ucm.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS.
Place of preparation: CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIONES BIOLOGICAS (CIB-CSIC). FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS DE LA UCM.

Summary: There are significant differences in the nature and regulation of supernrollamiento fundamental processes such as transcription and resting, using as a model procariontes cells Scherichia coli and as a model for eucariontes cells Sacchromyces cervisiae. We have also studied the role of blocking the replication forks in recombination processes in the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) S.cerevisiae. From the results obtained, we can conclude that the DNA in E.coli is more negatively superenrollado that S.cerevisiae and a reduction of negative supercoiling cells E.coli affects both cell viability and the number of copies plasmídicas. Unlike what happens in the case of plácidos partially replicated in E.coli, minicromosomas of S.cerevisiae are capable of acquiring positive supercoiling. This indicates that the forks detained in the complex RFB/Fob1p of S.cerevisiae, positive supercoiling is not capable of generating the formation of forks in regress. In addition microsomes S.cerevisiae partially replicated not formed knots between sister chromatids behind forks. Finally, the integration of DNA extracromosómico in rDNA chromosomal of S.cerevisiae is not only a block of forks because in the absence of Fob1p occurs both in the region 3 'fragment coding for 35S of rRNA chromosome due to a frontal impact of the machinery of replication and transcription, and in the region in which there would be a barrier in the presence of Fob1p.

Author: CARRACEDO PÉREZ ARKAITZ.
Year: 2005.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID [www.ucm.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID.

Summary: Cannabinoids are derived from the marijuana plant, Cannabis sativa L., acting on the body of mammals and other animals through interaction with a system pleiotrópico called system endocannabinoide. The study of the therapeutic applications of modulation of this system has been a subject of study in recent decades. One application that has attracted the most interest is the possible role of these anti-tumor compounds in tumor cells of different origins. The results presented in this thesis show that cannabinoids modulate the expression of a number of genes proapoptóticos in a manner dependent on the accumulation of ceramide. Among these genes is the coding for the protein stress p8 charged with inducing ATF4, CHOP and TRIB3 to trigger apoptosis. In addition, the family of genes modulated pro cannabionoides is involved in a phenomenon known as the endoplasmic reticulum stress. Our results show that activation of stress reticulum is a selective event transformed cells sensitive to cannabionoides. This is not detected in non-transformed cells or tumor cells resistant cannbinoides, which puts it as a marker of the antitumor effect of these compounds. Finally, the joint use of inducing agents endoplasmic reticulum stress along with cannabinoids exerts a synergistic action on apoptosis of cells resistant to both sensitive as cannabinoids. The results shown in this thesis could contribute to greater understanding of the anti-tumor potential of cannabinoids.

Author: MIGUEL LASOBRAS EVA MARÍA.
Year: 2005.
University: EXTREMADURA [www.unex.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.

Author: GUARINO ALMEIDA ESTRELLA.
Year: 2005.
University: EXTREMADURA [www.unex.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS, UNIVERSIDAD DE EXTREMADURA.

Summary: The mutation nrdA101 leads to a NDPreductasa heat sensitive. The incubation at 42Â ° C for crude extracts or preparations pure mutant enzyme destroys their activity in two minutes, but the hatching to 42Â ° C mutant bacteria heat sensitive nrdA101, does not stop replication until 40-50 minutes after the temperature change . This suggests that the NDP reductase mutated could be protected against thermal inactivation any hiperestructura because the phenotype of this ilk is not the characteristic of a mutant of elongation. This paper has reviewed the progress made in brackets resting in a lineage nrdA101 observed that this mutant replication forks suffer more stops in a lineage isogénica wild for elelo nrdA. In addition, this increase in brackets stops is not due to a lower supply of nucleotides generated by a partial activity of the enzyme mutated even permissive temperature and forks arrested resume by reversals (following the model of RPR), as happens when stop replication altering enzymes that are part of replisoma. It has also been shown that the residual DNA synthesis that occurs when the mutant hatching to 42Â ° C proceed without the enzyme action of recrimination or protein PriA, noting that during the time that the NDP reductase remains protected there is no disassembly of the replication machinery. It also found that the capacity to suffer a reversal of the forks stops in the mutant nrdA101 varied depending on the strategy used to inactivate the NDP reductase -inactivación chemistry of the enzyme by the addition of hydroxyurea to crops or by incubation of the race to 42Â ° C C, and that this second condition fork arrested was protected in some way, possibly by the replication machinery, preventing the creation of a queue NDA dual chain in the chromosome. reductase this was codified by the allele nrdA101, noting that there were differences between the replication forks of a strain of mutant and wild analyzed. This work thus provides evidence of the implications of this enzyme in the biosynthesis of dNTPs progression of replication forks along the chromosome, noting that the complex biosynthesis nucleódios and replication are partners in a hiperestructura replication.

Author: VIDAL AROCA FAUSTINO.
Year: 2005.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID [www.ucm.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS.

Summary: The activator transcriptional sigma54-dependiente TouR regulates the expression of operon tou Pseudomonas stutzeri OX1 in response to metil-fenoles. TouR belongs to the family of regulators NtrC. These regulators sigma54-dependientes have an organized structure in a number of domains: 1, C-A domain central, highly conserved, which carries out the functions essential for the activation of transcription, such as union and hydrolysis of ATP, multimerización and interaction with the sigma54-ARNpolimerasa. 2-An N-terminal domain A characteristic of each subgroup of the family who is involved in the response to environmental signals (in the case of TouR, responding to metil-fenoles). 3, A-D C-terminal domain responsible for binding to DNA promoter. 4-A dominio-B apparently plays a role in regulation as connector structural domains between A and C. The molecular architecture of TouR and response conformacional due to the union of metil-fenol are still characterize. The aim of this thesis has been to get a footprint structural TouR by circular dichroism, fluorescence spectroscopy and modernization of the three-dimensional structure. In addition to analyzing the various functional subdomains, was produced a collection of variants TouR through mutagenesis insercional of pentapéptidos along the molecule, whose ability to activate transcription was assessed.

Author: LAGARTERA ORTIZ LAURA.
Year: 2005.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID [www.ucm.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS QUÍMICAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS QUIMICAS.

Summary: In this thesis has been characterized, both functional and structural enzyme fosforilcolin esterase Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pce) responsible for the hydrolysis of waste fosforilcolina of the cell wall of the pathogen. The studies of enzymatic activity and stability, as well as the determination of their three-dimensional structure have demonstrated that this is a zinc-dependent enzyme, and propose a mechanism of catalytic hydrolysis. Moreover, the structural characterization of high-resolution and the construction of model Pce: teicóico have shown why the enzyme is only capable of degrading a certain amount (30%) of waste fosforilcolina of the cell wall. Finally, we have identified a new substrate for Pce, such as platelet activating factor (PAF), high physiological relevance. All these data suggest an important role of Pce in the process of infection and pathogenicity of the bacteria.

Author: BRICEÑO POLACRE OLGA MARIA.
Year: 2005.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID [www.ucm.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE FARMACIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE FARMACIA.

Summary: INTRODUCTION The alpha talasemias are a group of diseases of genetic origin, caused by a decrease or absence in the synthesis of alpha-globin chain. In most cases this alteration in the synthesis is because Gross deletions that affect one or two genes, alpha, remain rare cases due to point mutations, insertions or denunciation of a few base pairs, which have been called alpha talasemias not delección. OBJECTIVE This research raises the objective of determining the incidence of alpha thalassemia not deletion in patients with alpha-thalassemia, using techniques of molecular biology. Materials have been studied 517 individuals in the period from January 2001 to December 2003, patients who had microcitosis for diagnosing alpha thalassemia in the previously discarded feropenia and presented Hb A2 Hb F EEF of Hbs normal. METHODS We have studied the 2 types of high-thalassemia not deletion most often described in the Mediterranean: 1-alfaHph due to delección of 5bp in IVS I, 2-AlfaNco due to a change in the initiation codon of the gene. For its analysis is amplified so selective gene alfa2 and gene alfa1 by PCR and then performs a digestion with the restriction enzyme specific Hph I for the mutation alfaHph and Nco I for alfaNco. The study of the alpha thalassemia delección was made by Southern blotting with the restriction enzymes Bam HI and BgI LL and probes alpha and in the case of alpha +, completed the study with various enzymes and probes into the remaining cases were positive for the alfaNco gene alfa2, 10 heterozygotes, 1 homozygous and 1 double heterozygous associated with a deletion 4.2 kb. CONCLUSION The alpha thalassemia not deletion represents increased 8% of the cases of alpha thalassemia in our midst. The alfaHph is the type of alpha thalassemia not deletion and whose most common hematologic abnormalities are more apparent to those presented in the cases of alfaNco. Individuals with these mutations have a microcitosis something greater than that found in individuals with loss of a gene for alpha delección of 3.7 kb. This is because the expression of the gene alfa2 affected is three times higher than in the gene alfa1.

Author: RIVERO GUÉDEZ DAMARIZ.
Year: 2005.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID [www.uam.es].
Place of defense: CENTRO DE BIOLOGÍA MOLECULAR SEVERO OCHOA.
Place of preparation: CENTRO DE BIOLOGÍA MOLECULAR SERVERO OCHOA.

Summary: The elF2 kinases regulating protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells, in response to various stressful situations, fosforilando the alpha subunit factor initiation 2 in the residue Ser-51. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae there is a single elF2 alpha kinase, the product of the gene GCN2, whose activity is required for survival of the yeast under conditions excluding any amino acid. However, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, there are three different genes encoding protein kinases from the same family: the counterpart of GCN2 and two other structurally related, we called SEK1 and SEK2. Using deletion mutants of each of these genes, we studied the effect produced some stressful situations such as heat shock, oxidative stress, the presence of heavy metals and nitrogen deprivation on the phosphorylation of elF2 alpha. Our results allow assign each elF2 alpha kinase a differential response to different treatments. Thus, the SEK2 activates preferably after heat shock, while the GCN2 responds best to oxidative stress, the presence of CdCl2 essentially promotes activation of SEK2 and GNC2 and, finally, the removal of nitrogen seems equally activate all elF2 alpha kinases of S.pombe. The results obtained in this study indicate that the regulation of translation is a key target in response to different forms of stress, and the phosphorylation of elF2 alpha for their specific kinases a phenomenon in the basic regulation: however, the increased levels of elF2 alpha P appears to be an early effect that has implications not detectable times longer on cell growth. The elF2 alpha kinase of S.pombe involved in the signaling pathways of response to stress specifically, and in the case of oxidative stress appear to be regulated by the MAPK Sty.

Author: ADÁN ROVIRA CRISTINA.
Year: 2005.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID [www.uam.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.

Summary: The mitochondria are the main energy source for eukaryotic cells. The mitochondrial biogenesis is a process that involves the generation of new mitochondria and the maturation of existing ones, with the goal of ensuring that every cell contains an adequate number of these organelles to be able to play its role properly. Since mitochondria contain their own genome that encode subunits OXPHOS, mitochondrial function is strictly dependent on the expression of ADNmt and the number of copies of this molecule in each cell. Despite the relevance of mitochondrial biogenesis in the physiology of cells, not yet known clearly how this process is regulated or have identified all the proteins involved in the regulation of transcription and the mitochondrial genome. In this context, the objective of this PhD thesis, we sought to examine the role of certain genes associated with metabolism ADNmt using D.melanogaster as a model system. On the one hand, we have characterized the promoter regions of genes encoding mitochondrial transcription factor type B (d-mtTFB1 and d-mtTFB2), a mitochondrial helicasa (d-mthelicasa) and the factor mitochondrial transcription termination (DmTTF ). In addition, we analyzed the in vivo function of the mitochondrial transcription factors by type B RNA interference (RNAi). The resutlados analysis of the promoter regions of these genes have shown that, at least in cells in culture, the system DRE / DREF regulates the expression of genes d-mtTFB2, d-mthelicasa and DmTTF but not the gene d-mtTFB1 . It was initially described that the transcription factor DREF involved in the expression of genes associated with replication ADNn and cell proliferation. Later, the work of systematic characterization of the promoters of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis made by our group demonstrated that DREF also regulated the expression of genes involved in the replication ADNmt as d-polg-by d-mtSSB. As identified in this work DREF regulates addition, the expression of genes d-mtTB2, d-mthelicasa and DmTTF, this transcription factor is a strong candidate in Drosophila to coordinate processes in vivo replication and ADNn when ADNmt the mitochondrial biogenesis has been associated with the cell cycle. The silencing of gene expression d-mtTFB2 causes letalida larval and affects mitochondrial transcription, wing capacity mitochondrial ATP synthesis by the system OXPHOS and cell proliferation. Larvae RNAi-B2 not suffer or defects in the morphogenesis and in cell growth and surviving as such at the expense of increasing the flow glucolítico with consequent accumulation of lactate. The protein d-mtTFB2 seems to work as a genuine mitochondrial transcription factor essential for the viability of the organism, which can not be replaced by d-mtTFB1, meaning that the two proteins do not exercise redundant functions in vivo. The silencing of gene expression d-mtTFB1 apparently has no phenotypic consequence. Given the homology of the factors mtTFB1 with ARN-metiltransferasas bacterial, demonstrate the lack of involvement of this protein in the modified RNA in vivo and in vitro studies that indicate that h-mtTFB1 is capable of metilar ARNr. The results of the RNAi of d-mtTFB1 cells in culture suggests that mtTFB1 not function in vivo as a transcription factor, but as a mitochondrial protein involved in mitochondrial translation.

Author: QUINTERO BERNABEU MARIAROSA.
Year: 2006.
University: AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA [www.uab.es].
Place of defense: UNIVERSITAT AUTONOMA DE BARCELONA.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSITAT AUTÒNOMA DE BARCELONA.

Summary: Lipids mobile visible by NMR (ML) resonating with 1.28 and 0.9 ppm have been described in the spectral pattern of aggressive brain tumors and in several cell types in culture. The ML comes mainly from triacilgliceroles (TAG) content in gotícuaes lipid (1-10 micrometer diameter) and have been associated with processes necrosi and hipóxia in tumors, and the speed of proliferation in cultured cells. Understanding the origin of biochemical and biophysical ML can be helpful MRS of human brain tumors in the diagnosis, prognosis and therapy planning. The visible signs of lipids by NMR (ML), cell C6 have been monitored at 9.4 and 11.7 T (pulse and acquisition and 136 ms echo time) in sediment by cell of 1H NMR spectroscopy. It has found a reproducible behavior with growth. The ML increase log phase (day 4 of culture) to stage postconfluente (day 7 of culture). This behavior corresponds to the proportion of cells containing droplets cytosolic detectable by tincióe with Nile Red and epifluorescencia (range 23% -60% of cells). The number of positive cells increased after planting (day 0-1), decreases in log phase (day 2-4), it increases again with the confluence (day 5) and even more post-confluencia (day 7). The shutdown of proliferation induced by growth factor deprivation induces a greater accumulation of droplets cytosolic (up 100%) and a greater increase in the ML (up 29.5 times over the céllulas phase log on 4 crop) . The quantification of lipids in neutral lipid extracts total cell C6 by thin layer chromatography (TLC) showed that no significant changes with the growth or stopping proliferation in the main types of neutral lipids present (triacilglicerols, TAG; diacilglicerols, DAG ; ésters cholesterol, ChoEst) except for DAG, which decrease in cell day 7. Quantification by 1H-13C HMQC of extracts from cells C6 (cèls. day 4, log phase, n = 3 and day 7, post-confluentes, n = 3) and (1) -13C-glucosa enriched 99% (cèls. Day 4, n = 3, incubation 24h; and day 7, n = 3, incubation 48h) showed no significant differences in the content of TAG between céllulas day 4 and day 7. The distribution of marking obtained suggests a compartmentalization of the synthesis of PL and TAG from DAG, and a different origin for the synthesis of glucose from TAG in the experimental conditions. The apparent discrepancy between the resulting NMR, and optical microscopy NAFTA can be explained if one takes into account biophysical changes in the pool of neutral lipids and the resulting marking. It provides an explanation for the results obtained cellular: Assuming pitcher GAD.

Author: JUÁREZ GÓMEZ PAULA.
Year: 2006.
University: VALENCIA [www.uv.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE PSICOLOGÍA - UNIVERSITAT DE VALÈNCIA.
Place of preparation: INSTITUTO DE BIOMEDICINA DE VALENCIA.

Summary: Snakes and lizards are the order of the scaly reptiles (Squamata). The poisons of the poisonous species were formed by recruiting and rapid evolution of protéinas ordinary. The proteomas of Ias ~ snakes Viperinae characterized so far consist isoforms of a few (typically 10-12) family of proteins whose relative abundance of great interspecific variation. Proteins majority of the poisons of Víboras and rattlesnakes are grouped into enzymes (dependent serine proteases, metaloproteasas dependent Zn2 + group of reprolisinas, isoenzymes group II fosfolipasas A2 L-amino acid oxidase) and proteins without enzyme activity (lectin-like proteins dependent Ca2 + and disintegrinas). The metaloproteasas dependent Zn +2 (SVMP) are modular and toxins are classified into PI-PIV depending on the domains that form. The disintegrinas (40-100 AAs) are released into the poison by processing proteolítico of metaloproteasas PII, act by inhibiting the adherence of the integrins to their ligands. They are classified according to their length and number of links in disulfide monomer long (-90 AAs, 7 SS), middle (-70 AAs, 6 SS) and short (-40 AAs, 4 SS) and diméricas (subunits of -63 AAs, 2 SS Inter-and 4 SS intracatenarios). The protein composition of the crude venom of Sistrurus m. Barbouri, Echis ocellatus and Bitis arietans was analyzed by RP-HPLC, mass spectrometry and N-terminal sequencing. So we allocate each peak obtained after separation ramilias proteins known. By combining techniques Protein Chemistry and Proteomics, we have established an evolutionary broken for disintegrinas based on the successive loss of disulfide linkages and processing proteolítico N-terminal end. Analyzing cDNA libraries of poison glands of Bitis arietans and Echis oce / / atus have described the existence of evolutionary precursors of disintegrinas bitistatina (long) and ocellatusina (short), which allowed us to propose ban molecular mechanisms for the emergence of these groups disintegrinas. The existence of messenger encoding disintegrina not specified in the venom could indicate the existence of "reserve funds genomic" of possible relevance to adapt to changing ecosystems. In addition, by analyzing the genomic organization of disintegrinas of different structural families, we have shown that the loss of successive introns part of a mechanism of evolutionary diversification of disintegrinas leading to rapid evolution and a minimization of gene and protein structures .

Author: Canda Sánchez Ana.
Year: 2006.
University: SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA [www.usc.es].
Place of defense: Facultade de Bioloxía.
Place of preparation: Facultade de Bioloxía.

Summary: The signal transduction is the mechanism by which cells are able to respond to a stimulus to do so are able to trigger a cascade of proteins that, like a waterfall, carry information from the plasma membrane to the nucleus. Within the plasma membrane can distinguish the existence of regions of membrane lipid raft called, in a class of fluidity and composition different from the surrounding area. The presence / absence of a specific molecule in them is also capable of regulating the cellular response. CD26 and CD45R0 are transmembrane proteins involved in the regulation of signal transduction during the formation of the immunological synapse in T lymphocytes Previous studies have shown that IL-12 is capable of increasing the levels of expression of CD26, and induces its partnership with CD45R0, which pushes this phosphatase to move outside area raft. It has been postulated that this movement is responsible for the "deactivation" of signaling by IL-12. Interleukin This has important roles in the immune system: induces IFNg, TNFa; promotes cell proliferation, and coordinates the cellular immune response through differentiation phenotype to a type Th1 and enhancing the cytotoxic activity. This paper seeks to clarify the position regarding receptor IL-12 regarding the rafts lipid and how it influences the signal transduction in, and consider what molecules might be involved in the proliferation induced IL-12.

Author: GUTIÉRREZ ALCALÁ GLORIA.
Year: 2006.
University: SEVILLA [www.us.es].
Place of defense: CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIONES CIENTÍFICAS.
Place of preparation: CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIONES CINETÍFICAS IASLA DE LA CARTUJA. CSIC-USE.

Summary: In Arabidopsis thaliana, trichomes are unicellular structures present on the surface of leaves and stems. There is evidence of the important role of trichomes in response to various biotic and abiotic stress. Moreover, it has been shown that in the path of assimilation of sulfur, the gene OASA1, involved in the biosynthesis of L-Cysteine, is strongly expressed in Arabidopsis trichomes. This essential amino acid is a precursor to other sulfur metabolites necessary for the growth and development of the plant. In this thesis work has been carried out a study of the role of tricoma Arabidopsis thaliana in the path of assimilation of sulfur and its relevance in situations of abiotic stress. Furthermore, it has been isolated and characterized the promoter sequence of the gene OASA1.

Author: TEJERA CONCEPCION ALICIA CRISTINA.
Year: 2006.
University: LA LAGUNA [www.ull.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE LA LAGUNA.

Summary: We have studied gravity and the predictive value of pneumonia

Author: SERNA JORGE BERNARDINO DE LA.
Year: 2006.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID [www.ucm.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA.

Summary: The pulmonary surfactant is a complex mix lipoprotéica lining the alveoli in mammals and allows breathing, declining to 0 N / m surface tension, preventing the alveolar collapse. In this thesis has studied the peculiar distribution structural, dynamic and functional capacity due to the complex composition of the mixture of native pulmonary surfactant pig and fractions isolated from the same.

Author: GONZÁLEZ RODRÍGUEZ JAVIER.
Year: 2006.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID [www.ucm.es].
Place of preparation: INSTITUTO DE SALUD CARLOS III CENTRO NACIONAL DE SANIDAD AMBIENTAL.

Summary: The study of copies of Mytilus edulis treated with known concentrations of cadmium for 72 hours facilitates increased concentrations of metallothionein in the fabric of these, in response to the toxic, making these studies capillary electrophoresis, technique was to be ready for results of quickly, easily and requiring little sample for the testing. Also, the study of the enzymatic activities of respiratory chain complexes, by spectroscopic technique, reveal a decline in such activities, mainly in the complex I and III. Thus, both techniques, along with the analysis of the true concentration of cadmium in the fabric through ICP-OES provide that the use of these bivalves in the monitored environment is simple and useful, as well as for determining the quality the same for the consumer.

Author: MARTÍNEZ MORENO MÓNICA.
Year: 2006.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID [www.ucm.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CC. QUÍMICAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CC. QUÍMICAS.

Summary: It has conducted a study of the interaction of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) with caveolina-1, in order to identify domains of the two proteins involved in the interaction. Besides the interaction has been studied reductase domain of eNOS protein of an endothelial cell lysate. This has shown that eNOS interacts with a calcium channel located in the reticulum endo / sarcoplásmico, receiver rianodina (RyR). Finally it has been demonstrated that nitric oxide is capable of inducing a decrease in the levels of caveolina-3 in cells of skeletal muscle and heart. Furthermore this effect is felt by covalent modification of transcription factor miogenina responsible for transcriptional activation of the gene of caveolina-3.