ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY

Author: FILGUEIRAS RODAL ANA VIRGINIA.
Year: 2003.
University: VIGO [www.uvigo.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE QUÍMICA.
Place of preparation: UNIVERSIDAD DE VIGO.

Summary: In this dissertation developed a series of new methodologies applicable to the study of mobility and biosponibilidad of trace metals in sedimientos river. The behavior of this type of sample is of special interest because of its environmental performance as natural deposits of contraminantes in the middle acuático.Estas methodologies developed include:. The study of sequential extraction schemes and the acceleration and reducing the scale of work (minituarización) of the same. . The study of pretreatment of the sample (influence of drying on the sequential extraction). . Application to the study of metal contamination in the sediments of the river Louro.

Author: FRAGUEIRO BARREIRO M. SANDRA.
Year: 2003.
University: VIGO [www.uvigo.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE QUÍMICA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE QUÍMICA.

Summary: This paper describes for the first time in the bibligrafía, the coupling of the microextracción in solid phase with a specific detector (absorcción Atomic oven with quartz) SPME-QT-AAS through descricción Direct Thermal for determining empty compounds organometrilicos as the tetraetil lead (TEL), teicarbonil (2-metil ciclopentadienil) Manganese (MMT) and methylmercury (MEHG), the latter to carry out the training of two derivatives volatiles.Para this, it was necessary to design and characterize different desorption systems that allow its coupling to the tube cuarzo.También, for the first time inthe bibligrafía, describes microextracción liquido.líquido in head space for elements that form the hidenzo CORRESPONDING using a drop of dissolved pd (h ).

Author: RODRÍGUEZ GÓMEZ M. JOSÉ.
Year: 2003.
University: EXTREMADURA [www.unex.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.

Summary: This memory has done an analytical study of various antineoplastic agents, markers and compounds co-administrados presenting a common skeleton based on two ring condensate pirazino (2,3-d) pyrimidine, which is called common pteridinas.Los analytes under consideration are folic acid, methotrexate, folinic acid, triamterene, acid pterín6-carboxílico, neopterín, biopterín, xantopterín and isosantopterín.Se have to point different analytical methods for the determination of various mixtures of analytes using these techniques derivative spectrophotometry methods multivariate analysis, kinetic methods based on oxidation reactions, techniques electofóresis capillary Detection diodes and high performance liquid chromatography using two detectors in a series photometric and other fluorimétrico. The proposed analytical methods have been applied to the determination of analytes in biological fluids (urine and serum) with very acceptable results in all cases.

Author: RODRÍGUEZ GOMEZ M. JOSÉ.
Year: 2003.
University: EXTREMADURA [www.unex.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.

Summary: This memory has done an analytical study of various antineoplastic agents, and mercadores compounds co-administrados that presentna a skeleton based on two common condensed ring pirazino [2,3-d] pirimodina, which is called common pteridinas. The analytes under study are folic acid, methotrexate, acid folinico, triamterene, acid pterin-6-carboxílico, neopterin, biopterín, xantopterín and isoxantopterín. Have been on the verge different analytical methods for the determination of various mixtures of these analytes using derivative spectrophotometry techniques, methods of multivariate analysis, kinetic methods based on oxidation reactions, techniques capillary electrophoresis detection diodes and high pressure liquid chromatography resolution using two detectors in a series photometric and other fluorimétrico. The proposed analytical methods have been applied to the determination of analytes in biological fluids (urine and serum) with very acceptable results in all cases.

Author: JURADO JURADO JOSÉ MARCOS.
Year: 2004.
University: SEVILLA [www.us.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA (EDIFICIO ROJO).
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE QUÍMICA.

Summary: The aims of this doctoral thesis was the development of an appropriate methodology for the determination of metals in distillates to anise, emphasis on the processes of digestion sample, the development of a method for determining anetol in such drinks and implementation of pattern recognition techniques to the differentiation of these products in terms of their origin. For the determination of B, C, Fe, Mg, Na, Si and Zn in aniseed by atomic emission spectroscopy of plasma induced coupled ICP-AES, a comparison of procedures mineralization sample from a statistical point of view and práctico.Se compared two methods by dry and four via húmeda.El method selected was one of the proposed wet, mineralizando sample witha mixture of acid mítrico and water oxigenada.Se studied the characteristics of the analytical method, ensuring their accuracy and precision and analyzed a total of 115 samples anisados.Los elements minority were B, Fe and Zn, with media content around 0.04 mg / l.Los contained in Ca, Mg and Silicon varián around 2 mg / l.El sodium concentrations above presents. In the determination of Cu and Pb by atomic absorption spectroscopy with electrothermal atomization (ET-AAS) were developed and validated two methods for determining directa.Las samples watered down in a mixture of ethanol and water content was determined in these elementes the conditions previously optimizadas.La majority of the samples contained presented below the 50ug / l The content elements analyzed ICP-AES were used to undertake a study by multivariate analysis techniques, par differentiate samples with designation of origin reconocida.Se applied the principal component analysis as a technique of cluster analysis of data visualization, from those contained in Si and Mg showed natural tendency to cluster samples between si.Se applied métodods of pattern recognition supervised as linear discriminant analysis and modeling soft independent analogy of classes observed that the samples of different backgrounds appeared differentiated between sí.El content Mg and Si are the variables with greater powers of discrimination.

Author: GARCIA REY RAQUEL MARIA.
Year: 2004.
University: CÓRDOBA [www.uco.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.

Summary: The growing customer demand for higher quality meat products makes the industry look for raw material to enable the manufacture of products with the organoleptic qualities adequate to satisfy the consumer. Of all these products, the most typical and well known is the cured ham, which is also one of the most valued by consumers. Thus, the line investigacióin gene from which this research is to improve the quality of cured ham and developed in the laboratories of the company Campofrío Food Corp. (Formerly Group Navidul SA) in collaboration with the Department. Chemistry Análitica at the University of Cordoba. In view of the results obtained in previous investigations of the Group and the existing literature, there has been a systematic and thorough investigation of the raw material which is received in the industry, characterizing different genetic crosses in the quality of the channel , fat, physico-chemical characteristics of perniles, concentration of trace metals and frequency of defects in the final product. In parallel, assessed the impact on the quality of the final product of factors such as food, the production system of the animals, the date and conditions of sacríficio (temperature, transport, etc.). The frequency of occurrence of defects in texture and color in the light of the above variables related to the pH before salting, proteolysis and spectra in the visible and infarrojo close (NIR). It has been established the ability of different parameters to predict the trend of raw material to experience an abnormal during the curing and lead to the appearance of defects in the final product.

Author: MOLINER MARTÍNEZ YOLANDA.
Year: 2004.
University: VALENCIA [www.uv.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE QUÍMICA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE QUIMICA.

Summary: In the changing socio-economic context of our days, the overall picture is complex environment. There has been an improvement, for example, in reducing air pollution in some parts of the world and also an important breakthrough in the management of water resources and water quality. The Analytical Chemistry, together with other disciplines contribute to knowledge and possible solution to some of these problems which contributes to sustainability. Therefore, this thesis aims to be a contribution to resolving some of ínteres environmental problems in the analysis of water and air. The objectives of this thesis were planned to explore the scientific and legal context of pollution in water and air. Choosing some analytes were ínteres for which required new methods of analysis. These analytes were selected by pollutants that can be found in the environment. Have been taken into account parameters of water quality such as ammonia and metals and air quality, as some aliphatic amines. The analytes have also been selected by reverse importance in the eutrophication of water. The specific contributions of this thesis has been: Improved some parameters related to the quality of water. Evalucaión the influence of the protocols conditioning water samples analyzed for trace elements by quimioluminiscencia. Decrease the limits of detection of ammonia and ammonium obtained with the reaction of Berthelot using the diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Estimates of the influence of humic acids and detergents in the determination of ammonia and a guide for choosing the analytical method of ammonium more appropriate depending on the needs of each type of water analyzed. Study of the impact of a disused mine in the transportation of uranium in the River Fal, a result of a stay at the University of Plymouth. With regard to eutrophication, have been on the verge of methods for screening samples for the detection of the presence of amino groups and primary methods of screening for aliphatic amines with HPLC and Capillary LC. Carriers have also been developed for detecting aminomethane. Development systems detectors to study air quality to primary and secondary aliphatic amines for application to the analysis spot in work environments and in external environments. From the results obtained, eight publications have resulted in a number of scientific journals and three more that are in the process of revision.

Author: SUÑER NAVARRO Ma. ÁNGELES.
Year: 2004.
University: VALENCIA [www.uv.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE FARMACIA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE QUÍMICAS.

Summary: Arsenic and mercury are chemical contaminants that are present in food, mainly fish products, in a variety of forms that differ in their chemical toxicity, so research on Food Security products containing arsenic and mercury must be addressed from the point of view of speciation. The objective of this thesis is to develop methodologies that allow for the identification and quantification of species of arsenic and mercury present in these foods. It has developed a methodology for the determination of arsenic species cationic TMA + AC and TMAO in fishery products by HPLC coupled to HG-AFS. Building on the previous separation is optimized using a methodology that allows the implementation of a system to exchange HPLC columns, the separation of eight species organoarsenicales. This system is coupled to HG-AFS and HG-AAS. He then applies this methodology to the identification and quantification of species organoarsenicales in a wide range of fishery products belonging to a survey of Total Diet. For the first mercury develops a methodology for the extraction and subsequent determination of total mercury through CV-AFS in fishery products applied to samples of crawfish (Procambarus clarkii) from a contaminated area. With the outcome provides an assessment of the environmental impact of mercury contamination in the area under study and toxicological evaluation of fishery product studied. Secondly, taking into consideration the kind of mercury majority in fishery products is methylmercury, it develops a methodology for determining acid extraction using an ultrasonic assisted with separation by ion exchange chromatography, termooxidación and detection through CV- AFS. This methodology was applied to samples of fish products.

Author: SANTIAGO RODRIGUEZ ESPERANZA DE.
Year: 2004.
University: GRANADA [www.ugr.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE MECICINA, DEPARTAMENTO DE MEDICINA LEGAL, TOXICOLOGÍA Y PSIQUIATRÍA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE MEDICINA.

Summary: On April 25, 1998 there was a break in the check dam of the reservoir settling of a pyrite mine (FeS2) in Aznalcóllar (Seville). As a result appears a major spill of acidic water and very toxic sludge containing considrables concentrations of heavy metals (arsenic and cadmium among others). For deteminar the possible impact on the catchment area of identified levels of these metals in the population (not affected zone), for comparison with the spill area (affected area). The determination of arsenic (urine) and cadmium (whole blood) realizao through espectrofotemetría atomic absorption (PE-Aanalyst 800) with hydride generation FIAS-PE-100 (Ace) and graphite furnace (Cd). The method was validated and data limit of detection range of linearity, repeatability, precision intemedia, accuracy, recovery and incentidumbre were 0.11 ug / l 0-4 ug / l 5.09% 6.70% 1.33% 100.04% 5.10 for the ace , and 0.05 ug / L 0-7 ug / l 3.45% 4.94% 3.34% 100.50% and 2.71% for the Cd, respectively. The average levels of arsenic adjusted by age, sex Cd, Zn, Hg, Pb, hake, anchovy, sardine and mussels were 1.39ug / l creatinine (area not affected) with a range of 1.213-1.578 and 1.68 ug / l creatinine ( affected area) with a range of 1.399-2.010, but there are no significant differences between the two zones (p = 0.009). For cadmium the nieveles means adjusted for age, alcohol dry, snuff, As, Zn, ensalada mista, pink, sardines, shrimp and crab shrimp were 0.13 ug / l (not affected zone) with a range of 0.120-0.148 and 0.17 ug / l (affected area) with a range of 0.149-0.200, and there are significant differences between ambasa zones (p = 0.007), but in no case can establish a causal relationship with the discharge and that concentrations are found in all cases very below the EIB established 5 ug / l.

Author: CURTO SERRANO YOLANDA RAQUEL.
Year: 2004.
University: SALAMANCA [www.usal.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS QUIMICAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS QUIMICAS.

Summary: It describes a procedure for determining copper in wastewater based in chloroform extraction of ion pair formed between tretabutilamonio and anion tetratiocianatocuprato (II). The absorbance of the organic phase is measured at 485 nm, enabling the detection of concentrations of copper? 0.4 mg L-1 with a range of application linear between 0.5 and 25 mg L-1, a relative standard deviation of 2.3 (0.8 mg L 1, n = 10) and a sampling rate of 30 h-1. In working conditions proposals, only Ni (II) and Pd (II) interfere with relations molars Ni (II) / Cu (II)? 50 and Pd (II) / Cu (II)? 100. The injection flow to support the classic reaction between Al3 + and morina allowed to work in aqueous media heavily alcoholics and dramatically shortens the response time to 11 s. By detecting fluorimétrica, determining concentrations of Al3 +? 4 Â µ g L-1 at pH between 5 and 8. For drinking water samples only interfere fluoride and phosphate, at concentrations above 160 and 800 Â µ g L-1, so the proposed method is suitable for monitoring aluminum in water for public consumption. The method of linearization of Scatchard combined with the ways of confluences areas and stop flow is a useful tool in the study of interactions with certain DNA molecules, some of which show activity citostática. This is familiar with the characteristics of the connection between DNA and two fluorescent compound analogues cisplatin: etilendiaminocloroglicinato of Pt (II) and the etilendiaminobiscoliglicinato of Pt (II). Both are capable of forming stable adducts with DNA may act as markers in testing on the mechanisms of cytotoxicity of platinum.

Author: EXPÓSITO PÉREZ MARÍA DEL ROSARIO.
Year: 2005.
University: MURCIA [www.um.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE QUÍMICA.

Summary: They develop new sensors based on ion polymer membrane laminated, according to two types of sensors: 1-Optical Sensors (optodos) type breast flow systems built with new general procedure in which the plastic polymer membrane containing the optically active components is trapped in a support cellulosic. 2, ion-selective electrodes incorporating a receiver selective membrane polymer plastic. With regard to the first type of sensors, which devotes thesis largest, have developed optodos selective membrane incorporated in a reagent cromogénico or cormoinóforo. With this line has been developed optodos flow for the determination of zinc (II) perchlorate and pH, which could be applied to the determination of Zn (II) in pharmaceuticals and perchlorate in the waters of different origins. One of the priorities which includes the thesis was to study the dynamic response of optodos toward anion as a new source of information and analytical mechanistic, which has done an analysis of nonlinear transient signals obtained. With regard to the second type of sensor, ion-selective electrodes, it has introduced a new receiver selective anion, one of the major innovations made, the use of quantum chemical calculations to explain the selectivity profile anion obtained. With the receiver anion tris [2 - (4-terc-butibenzoil) aminoetil] amine as a species electroactiva, has developed a selective electrode for nitrate which presents excellent physical and chemical properties, especially with regard to their selectivity. The electrode selectivity. The proposed selective electrode has been applied to the determination of nitrate in water for human consumption, an issue of great interest at present due to the increasing nitrate pollution in the waters mainly because of increased subscriber nitrogen.

Author: RÓDENAS TORRALBA EVA.
Year: 2005.
University: VALENCIA [www.uv.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAT DE QUÍMICA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAT DE QUÍMICA.

Summary: A line in Analytical Chemistry priority is the development of devices that increase the degree of automation, and hence reduce human participation in the analysis procedures. Demand for information makes us consider analytical chemists studying new strategies and alternatives to formal methods of analysis and traditional methodologies for the development of simple, low-cost, fast and environmentally friendly, allowing identification multi analytes and are available to any control laboratory or research. In this regard has exploited the multiconmutación in this Doctoral Thesis. Its main contribution has been the study, development and comparison of analytical procedures that use multiconmutación in three distinct areas: (1) Machining of measures AFS (2) Further progress in the mechanization of the measures obtained by spectrophotometry molecular ( 3) Incorporation of the multiconmutación instruments portable and low cost. Prior to the development of each of the work has been studied and developed their software in Quick Basic 4.5 and Visual Basic 6.0. In the first block the multiconmutación allows mechanization for the determination of metals by CV-AFS and HG-AFS. We are studying the optimal conditions for determining the content in Hg, Bi, Te and develops a procedure for speciation online Te. These are the first collected works in the literature on the coupling of the multiconmutación the atomic fluorescence. In the second block has been developed multiconmutación as analytical tool for the mechanization of espectrofotométricas applications. The work has been divided into two lines of work: (i) liquid-liquid extraction in line for the determination of anionic water. This mechanization get a big improvement in the frequency of sampling and is one of the first works to implement the multiconmutación the preconcentration online through liquid-liquid extraction. (Ii) Employment of the bomblets propulsion units as fluid and as a proxy of the solenoid valves, with the aim of lowering costs to not be necessary peristaltic pump. This strategy has been proposed for the determination of phenol in water samples and in cyclamate sweeteners. The third section is devoted to the benefits of multiconmutación in their application to portable instruments. Two teams are developed low-cost, weight: (i) Luminómetro for the direct determination of H2O2 and indirect NH4 +. (Ii) Photometer LEDs for determining Fe3 +, NO2, phenol and carbaryl. All these methods have been developed validated by studies of recovery, compared with the reference methods and / or analysis of samples have been certified and given their physical and chemical properties: detection limits, sensitivity, precision and accuracy. In general, the work developed by multiconmutación in this thesis, we can say that: 1. The multiconmutación provides a substantial increase in the productivity of the laboratory reduces the time spent on analysis and lowers costs. 2. The multiconmutación used rationally reagents and samples, which leads to a reduction of both the waste generated from the samples and reagents used, as it only fit the volumes required for analysis and it is not necessary for the solutions as a continuously flowing in FIA case. This translates into improved security and hygiene as well as reduced costs, both direct and management and treatment, 8 r 5e5 esiduos. Additionally, it reduces the negative impact on the environment generated through this reduction in waste generation and the replacement of toxic solvents and reagents for other minor impact in cases where this is possible. In addition, it reduces the maximum risk to the operator that may arise from the handling of toxic reagents. 3. The multiconmutación provides versatility, flexibility, economics, robustness and miniaturization to the systems. Moreover, it is easily automatable at each stage of analysis, a feature that was used to design portable computers for analysis on the spot. In conclusion, as had been raised in defining the initial objectives, this thesis has provided simple solutions to various applications of multiconmutación in Analytical Chemistry.

Author: CANO RAYA CLARA MARÍA.
Year: 2005.
University: GRANADA [www.ugr.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.

Summary: In this Doctoral Thesis have developed different methods for rapid analysis of heavy metals, especially the type known as optical sensors single use, also known as test strips, which have characteristics based on the extent of optical properties and permit the quantitative determination heavy metal. As metals goal has been selected two different properties and toxicological characteristics: copper and mercury. In this Doctoral Thesis have been on the verge of rapid analysis procedures for these metal ions, which are easy to use, inexpensive and not pollute the environment. For the rapid development of these methods of analysis were used different schemes based on sensing through complexation reagents cromogénicos conventional, or ionophores in different reactions of the complexation of transduction and later by absorption or emission of radiation luminescent. The stages of reconocimient!

Author: JAUMOT SOLER JOAQUIM.
Year: 2005.
University: BARCELONA [www.ub.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAT DE QUÍMICA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAT DE QUÍMICA (UNIVERSITAT DE BARCELONA).

Summary: This work will be integrated into one of the lines of investigation group "Quimiometria" of the Department of Analytical Chemistry of the University of Barcelona. This line of research is focused on developing methods quimiométricos analysis of multivariate data, and in its application to the analysis of conformational changes and / or interactions between biomolecules. The work done in this Doctoral Thesis can be divided into three blocks: First, they have implemented methods quimiométricos modeling rigid and flexible modeling study of the os balances in settlement of nucleic acids. These are biomolecules that have a hierarchical organization that starts at the nucleotide sequence of chains until higher order structures such as helices triple or quadruple. The conformational changes or interactions with other biomolecules have been studied experimentally traditionally followed with spectroscopic techniques. In these cases, the process is still measuring the change in a property in a single optical wavelength. In this paper, will continue some of these processes through readings many lengths ona (multivariate approach) and apply methods quimiométricos suitable for the processing of data. The processes studied in this thesis are essentially the conformational changes that occur when varying environmental conditions (such as pH, temperature, salinity, etc.) have been used spectroscopic techniques such as molecular absorption in the UV-visuble, cicroísmo circular or nuclear magnetic resonance. In another application, have been analyzed because of DNA microarrays. This technique makes it possible to obtain information on the levels of gene expression in a large number of genes in a single experiment. This generates a large amount of data requiring the use of tools from which to extract biological information. It has applied the method MCR-ALS various sets of data in order to determine their possible use in the analysis of these data types. Secondly, it has been conducted to validate various methods of multivariate analysis, in other words, has studied the reliability of the solutions obtained by these methods. Thus, the method MCR-ALS, has analyzed the influence and the spread of pilot error and the potential impact of ambigà ¼ ages mathematics in the solutions obtained. This study was conducted both in the case of the analysis of a single experiment, as in the case of analyzing multiple experiments. In the case of rigid methods of modeling has been studied ambigà ¼ age in the analysis of kinetic experiments and as you can overcome this ambigà ¼ age through the use of restraints during the optimization process. Finally, it has developed a graphic interface in the work environment MATKAB ® method MCR-ALS. This interface improves interaction between the user and the program, and empowers their widespread use by users not accustomed to working with tools quimiométricas.

Author: MUÑOZ FERNÁNDEZ JOSEFA.
Year: 2005.
University: CÓRDOBA [www.uco.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.

Summary: This report has as its primary objective the exploration of the possibilities of analytical materials fullerenes as sorbents in the area of environmental speciation, as well as the automation of previous operations of the analytical process to achieve the simplification and automation. We have designed different flow automated analyzers based on the solid phase extraction (SPE) for the preconcentration individual or joint organotin compounds, organomercuric and organoplomados in various environmental samples (marine sediments, water). For the identification and quantification of these compounds have been used gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer. Also reflected in this report, the development of a method to carry out the discrimination between species of Cd in biological samples (livers of fish), used as a detection system with atomic absorption spectrometer by flame atomization. And finally, deals with the synthesis of a new derivative of fullerene C60, which is used as sorbent materials for the preconcentration of copper species in aqueous samples. For quantification using an atomic absorption spectrometer with flame atomization.

Author: FERNÁNDEZ HERNÁNDEZ ANTONIA.
Year: 2005.
University: JAÉN [www.ujaen.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS EXPERIMENTALES.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS EXPERIMENTALES. UNIVERSIDAD DE JAÉN.

Summary: This work has been carried out the study of the evolution of mineral nutrients in the fruit during its development and maturation with the main objective to seek the influence of the content of these nutrients on the characteristics of fruit production and composition of olive oil virgin. For this, samples were taken during the years 2002 and 2003, selected for the study five varieties of olive: 'Arbequina', 'Frantoio', 'Hojiblanca,' 'Beauty of Spain' and 'Picual. Plots were taken under two conditions of cultivation, irrigation and dry. Alongside was conducted determining the concentration of mineral elements leaf of the year in the summertime varieties and growing conditions selected to establish a stable period and optimal sampling characterizing sue stado nutriconal. It noted that tnato 'Arbequina' and 'Frantoio', varieties used for this trial, it could recommend as the best period of sampling leaf the second half of July. Within the interest in knowing the nutritional status of the plots was carried out the correlation between the concentration of mineral nutrients in the leaf years taken the third week of July and concentration in different states fenológicos floral development, in order to establish the analysis at this stage as a method to predict the nutritional status of trees early. The results were not satisfactory and therefore the best method for diagnosing nutritional status in the olive grove remained foliar analysis. The mineral nutrients that were analyzed in leaves and at different stages of development floral and fruit were: N, P, K, Ca, Mg, B, Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn and Na. The concentrations of the mineral nutrients in the leaf in the nutritional status differences between varieties being presented under the two similar growing conditions. With regard to changing concentrations of these nutrients during development and growth of the fruit, showed behavior similar varieties, growing conditions and selected years. Thus, the concentration had a reduced until the state of hardening of bone, increasing its level in the initial stages of lipid synthesis and tending to some stabilization. Instead, the content of mineral nutrients in the fruit grew remain the most accumulated, both at the time of hardening of the bone as at the time of collection, followed by K N between macronutrients, the B between micronutrients. For the characterization of the fruit was found: an average weight, relationship flesh / bone, flesh, moisture, fat in pulp based on wet and dry weight. The chemical parameters analyzed in the virgin olive oil were carotenoid pigments and clorofílicos, tocopherol, polyphenols total bitterness measured as K225, oxidative stability and acidic composition. The results of both the characteristics of the fruit as virgin olive oil showed average values consistent with the provisions of selected varieties. The oils of fruit in rainfed conditions showed higher total polyphenol content and therefore increased oxidative stability, although no differences in bitterness. Nor were observed differences in composition between the two acidic growing conditions. The fat in the dry evolved in a similar way in the fruits of irrigation and dry, reaching the same values for variety. There were no correlations between nutrient minerals and pulp and leaf characteristics of the fruit, composition of virgin olive oil production and therefore it was not possible to establish any influence among the various parameters analyzed, perhaps because no under any circumstances around Nutrient concentrations in poorly level or sobrefertil 8 ización, 2bd situations that do affect negatively the life cycle of olive trees.

Author: ARAMENDIA MARZO MARIA TERESA.
Year: 2005.
University: ZARAGOZA [www.unizar.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS.

Summary: The main objective of this Doctoral Thesis impact on the idea that the popularization of techniques for direct analysis of solid samples based on the graphite furnace, particularly SS-GFAAS and SS-ETV-ICPMS, passes through proponoer concrete applications in which their use is advantageous to the placing on dissolution of the sample. In this sense, this reflects Doctoral Thesis development of five different applications in which compliance with this precept. The various applications developed in the report can be summarized as follows: -Situaciones in appearing particular difficulties for the dissolution of the sample due to the characteristics of analyte. This group will include the determination of silicon in a sample of polyamide, the determination of mercury in soil samples and the determination of boron in different biological materials. - Situations in which special difficulties appear for the dissolution of the sample due to the characteristics of the matrix. This group include an identification of gold and silver in samples of various types and determination multielemental done in two samples Nafión. - Situations in which addresses the development of screening methods for real. This group would include the development of a screening method for filtering different soil samples according to their mercury content and considering enforcement of the European Union for soils for agricultural use. With respect to the primary objective raised for the doctoral thesis, development work has found that there is no correlation between the various difficulties in obtaining analytical information directly on the solid sample or after dissolution of the same, so that measures that are problematic tedious or by the latter procedure can be quite simple through SS-CFAAS or SS-ETV-ICPMS.

Author: Arroyo Guerrero Eduardo.
Year: 2006.
University: GRANADA [www.ugr.es].
Place of defense: Facultad de Ciencias.
Place of preparation: Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad de Granada.

Summary: We have developed disposable type optical sensors to determine the concentration or activity of various anions based on the extent of absorption of radiation in the visible transmission presented good reproducibility, a short response time and can be regarded as an economic alternative to information analytical. It has proposed an irreversible disposable sensor for determining nitrite in water by using a membrane Nafión and using reagents as those used in the reaction classical diazotación of sulfanilamida and subsequent copulation with N - (1-naftil) ethylene diamine. The extent of color that occurs in the sensor area due to the formation of a azoderivado measure of nitrite measures by direct absorption of radiation. Setting time equilibración the strip in the dissolution problem can be achieved adequate sensitivity to the type of problem that is present, reaching levels required for water.

Author: CANCELA PÉREZ SHEILA.
Year: 2006.
University: SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA [www.usc.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE QUÍMICA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE QUÍMICA.

Summary: The interest of the determination of metals in food samples is important from the point of view nutritional and toxic. In order to differentiate between the nutritional or toxic metal it is necessary to know the concentration at which it is found in food, as probably all metals are toxic if ingested in high concentrations. In some cases, moreover, it is possible to obtain environmental information through knowledge of the concentration of metals in food, such as shellfish and vegetables, known as environmental indicators. In this research, were designed and optimized different automatic continuous flow that allowed the extraction of various trace metals (cadmium, lead, cobalt, chromium and nickel) of solid samples of food through the application of ultrasonic energy. These metals are preconcentraron later by the formation of a metal chelate, using for this purpose different chelating resins business (Chelite P Serdolit Che and Duolite GT73) and identified online by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry with Flame. The main innovation providing these systems is the automation of pretreatment of the sample and the preconcentration. The automation of pretreatment of the sample allows to avoid lot of difficulties associated with the processes of digestion and extraction of acid carried out manually, as is the high time for the process and the use of acid concentrates. With regard to the automation of the preconcentration, the methodology used to obtain FIA preconcentration factors of 5 to 50 times higher than those obtained through manual processes. The proposed methodologies were applied to the determination of cadmium, lead, cobalt, chromium and nickel in real samples of food.