SYNTHESIS OF MACROMOLECULES

Author: ARTOLA SUKIA ARANTXA.
Year: 2003.
University: PAÍS VASCO [www.ehu.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS QUIMICAS. SAN SEBASTIAN.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS QUIMICAS.

Summary: In this work we have developed new formulations of acrylic bone cement respecting the traditional system of two components. Specifically, the work is focused on obtaining new formulations of acrylic bone cements radio settle somewhat disadvantages of the conventional formulations. In the latter, radiopacidad is achieved by the addition of inorganic compounds such as barium sulfate or zirconium dioxide, which adversely affects the mechanical properties of cement, causing a decrease in resistance to both compression and tension; as well as a fall in tenacity. In addition, the use and this compound can cause adverse biological reactions. As an alternative to the use of these inorganic compounds has been made synthesis monomers inherently radio. Its introduction in the formulation of cement has been carried out by a copolymerization with a monomer that is the foundation of cement, methyl methacrylate, obtaining in this way a cement with a more homogeneous physical properties, mechanical and biological improved.

Author: Avilés Mosquera Kilian.
Year: 2003.
University: RAMÓN LLULL [www.url.edu].
Place of defense: ESCOLA TÈCNICA SUPERIOR IQS.
Place of preparation: ESCOLA TÈCNICA SUPERIOR IQS.

Summary: The objective of this work is focused primarily on the improvement and industrialization of the production of macrolactonas cyclical (C11 and C16) through the synthesis of Story, as raw materials of interest in the synthesis of high-performance linear polyesters. As a starting point, the performance of peroxides precursors of macrolidas has increased in comparison to the classical synthesis using reactive mixtures and intrinsically safe. In particular triperóxido of cyclohexanone has been achieved with a return of 47% using hydrogen peroxide at 35% and acid fosfotúngstico as a catalyst. This milestone was achieved after making two factorial design of experiments, a fractional and another altogether. They also had to select the best method for the analytical reagent system studied (HPLC-UV-RI) and define the optimal conditions of operation. It has been developed to quantify risk heat of the first part of the process by proposing some protective security measures to prevent possible reactions of loss of control or thermal runaway. Adding a certain amount of cold water instantly within the mass reaction, in English operation known as quenching, or disposal of the mass rapid reaction on cold water, dumping in English are two ways to proceed suitable for mitigate the effects of a possible loss of control if it detects any situation or scenario adiabatic. The kinetic model of Langmuir-Hinshelwood has adjusted to the concentration of experimental data to calculate the volume of a reactor continuous flow piston or PFR-plug-flow reactor to enable the annual production of macrolactonas produced by the company worldwide leader in the products. It has been proven a first experimental design laboratory-scale with promising results.

Author: GONZÁLEZ LÓPEZ MARÍA NIEVES.
Year: 2005.
University: COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID [www.ucm.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE GEOGRAFÍA E HISTORIA.
Place of preparation: INSTITUTO DE CIENCIAS Y TENCOLOGÍA DE POLÍMEROS CSIC.

Summary: proteins. Monomers were synthesized and homopolymers and copolymers series with methyl methacrylate and N, N'-dimetilacrilamida focusing on its reactivity. The copolymers obtained were compared with EPM systems copoliméricos prepared vinilpirrolidona, showing a better reactivity and obtain more homogeneous copolymers. The homopolimeros in aqueous solution showed a critical temperature TSCA. The systems derived from EPyM also have sensitivity to the pH, making it one of the few systems described in the literature sensitive dual. Since these systems were prepared hydrogels and explored the same response to changes in pH and temperature, as well as their use as matrices for controlled release of drugs such as paracetamol and ketoprofen model. The release of these drugs can be modular as environmental conditions (pH and temperature) and the existence of specific interactions fármaco-polímero, which were characterized by a variety of techniques. One of the copolymers has been used as a coating for capillary electrophoresis hair with good results in the analysis of proteins, eliminating the problems of adsorption of them on the wall of the capillary. Both systems are biocompatible polymer, highlighting the excellent results obtained with polymers derived from EPM.

Author: RÍO PÉREZ FRANCISCA.
Year: 2005.
University: PAÍS VASCO [www.ehu.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGÍA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGÍA.

Summary: The main objective of this dissertation is to obtain, using the technique of reverse microemulsion, polielectrolitos cationic liquids with a 40% load and ion content of greater than 25% copolymers, and are thermodynamically stable (as opposed to the traditional emulsions currently existing) constituted by an oily phase in which are dispersed micromicelas containing chains copolymers of acrylamide monomer and cationic (Q9), in order to apply them in the process of flocculation. The chemical composition of the microemulsion and the mixture tensioactiva and polymers themselves depend properties of the product, persiguiéndose development polielectrolitos cationic with the following characteristics: 1-Liquid products, 2-Stability thermodynamics 3-High concentration of active material. Given the importance of the chemical composition of microemulsiones, especially the mixture tensioactiva, the central elements of this work are: 1 - The study of aqueous phase ternary systems / system surfactant / phase oily 2, - Development and optimization the microemulsion polymerization process in reverse.

Author: ECHEVERRIA AGUIRRE IDOIA.
Year: 2005.
University: PAÍS VASCO [www.ehu.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS QUÍMICAS.
Place of preparation: FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS QUÍMICAS (SAN SEBASTIAN).

Summary: The use of four acrylic monomers (MMA, EMA, BMA and HEMA) and two types of starch (AP and HA) for the synthesis of graft copolymers resulted in eight compounds with a high degree of performance. These copolymers differ in their chemical composition and structure, as well as to the length and the distance between branches acrylic. The products obtained offer a wide range of possibilities for application in obtaining polymeric matrices for controlled release tablets by their differences in the characteristics químico-físicas. For in vitro tests of the tablets were used two active ingredients from different solubility (theophylline anhydrous and procaine hydrochloride) and profiles were obtained from the dissolution kinetics very different. The study of the enzymatic degradation of the compounds obtained showed the great increase of resistance conferred by the copolymerization of graft to starches. This fact, coupled with the difficulty of access to the interior of the enzyme tablets ago that the influence of enzymatic degradation in the release will be minimal.

Author: VERDEJO VIU BEGOÑA.
Year: 2006.
University: VALENCIA [www.uv.es].
Place of defense: FACULTAT DE QUIMICA.
Place of preparation: INSTITUTO DE CIENCIA MOLECULAR.

Summary: This Doctoral Thesis, in the group of Supramolecular Chemistry of the University of Valencia, is presented as a sequel to the study of the chemistry of coordination of new receivers type poliazaciclofano containing benzene, pyridine or terpiridina as spacers aromatic. For these new receptors has been studied behavior acid, as well as coordination of the transition metal ions or anionic species because depending on the degree of protonación presenting these receptors are able to coordinate a kind of kind or another. Likewise, the generation of metallic coordinativamente unsaturated centers allows the study of ternary systems by introducing external substrates as imidazole or carbon dioxide as a first approximation to the active enzyme as Superoxide Dismutase or Rubisco respectively.

Author: LLIGADES PUIG GERARD.
Year: 2006.
University: ROVIRA I VIRGILI [www.urv.cat].
Place of defense: FACULTAT DE QUIMICA.
Place of preparation: FACULTAT DE QUIMICA.

Summary: Sustainable development has become one of the key ideas of Century 20. Sustainable development means that type of development that is able to meet present needs without compromising the resources and the needs of future generations. To achieve sustainable development is necessary to promote social and economic development pending at any time of the environment. The conservation and waste management is especially important in this process. The growing demand for petroleum products, along with the gradual reduction of oil stocks are some of the many reasons that have encouraged the chemical industry to start using renewable sources such as product line. In this context, in recent years attention has focused on the use of annually renewable resources, such as agricultural resources, production of a wide variety of industrial products. One of the more interesting resources for the chemical industry are vegetable oils because of their high availability and its broad range of applications. Vegetable oils are part of the family of chemical compounds known as lipids, and consist mainly of molecules of triglyceride. Triglycerides are composed of three fatty acid molecules attached to a molecule of glycerol ester through links. The fatty acids that are found in most vegetable oils are composed of unsaturated aliphatic chains of between 14 and 22 carbon atoms. The industrial exploitation of natural resources is currently at the center of the scientific community. Specifically, the development of polymeric materials derived from renewable sources is getting an increasing interest because of the uncertainty in the price and oil stocks. The replacement of oil by-products from renewable sources is consistent with the concept of sustainable development. The purpose of the work carried out during this thesis was to develop new materials using vegetable oils as thermostable products heading. In Chapter 1 discusses the contribution of the chemical in sustainable development and describes the potential for vegetable oil products as the basis for the synthesis of polymeric materials. In Chapter 2 describes the development of two new families of hybrid materials orgánicos-inorgánicos derived from vegetable oils. It describes the synthesis and characterization of polymers hybrid derivatives of fatty acids which contain carbon-carbon double bonds terminals using the reaction hidrosililación as reaction intersecting, and the preparation of polymers derived from castor oil epoxidado nanoreforzados with silsesquioxanos poliédricos. In Chapter 3 describes the synthesis of a new phosphide compound derived from renewable sources. This compound has been used as a compound retardante to the flame reagent in the preparation of epoxy resins derived from renewable sources with resistance properties of the flame. The incorporation of phosphorus in this type of epoxy Stairs has yielded good properties of polymers with resistance to flame. Finally, in Chapter 4 describes the development of a new family of polyether polyols derived from oleato methyl epoxidado as a renewable source. These polyols used in the synthesis of polyurethanes with specific applications: polyurethanes incorporating silicon with resistance properties to the flame, and segmented polyurethane applications in biomedicine.